TAXON: Dillenia suffruticosa SCORE: 11.0 RATING: High Risk Taxon: Dillenia suffruticosa Family: Dilleniaceae Common Name(s): shrubby dillenia Synonym(s): Wormia suffruticosa Griff. ex Hook. f. & Thomson shrubby simpoh simpoh air simpoh ayer Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 22 Jun 2015 WRA Score: 11.0 Designation: H(HPWRA) Rating: High Risk Keywords: Tropical Shrub, Environmental Weed, Thicket-forming, Bird-dispersed, Coppices Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 n Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 y 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 305 Congeneric weed 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 n 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens y=1, n=0 y 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 n 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems Creation Date: 22 Jun 2015 (Dillenia suffruticosa) Page 1 of 16 TAXON: Dillenia suffruticosa SCORE: 11.0 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 y Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone 410 y=1, n=0 y conditions if not a volcanic island) 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 y 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs 504 y=1, n=0 n -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native 601 y=1, n=0 n habitat 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally 604 Self-compatible or apomictic 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 y 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 3 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants 701 y=1, n=-1 n growing in heavily trafficked areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 n 705 Propagules water dispersed 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 y 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 n 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 y 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1 y Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 802 y=1, n=-1 n yr) 803 Well controlled by herbicides y=-1, n=1 y 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 y Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced 805 biocontrol agents) Creation Date: 22 Jun 2015 (Dillenia suffruticosa) Page 2 of 16 TAXON: Dillenia suffruticosa SCORE: 11.0 RATING: High Risk Supporting Data: Qsn # Question Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? n Source(s) Notes Steenis, C.G.G.J. van (ed.). 1954. Flora Malesiana. Series I, No evidence of domestication Spermatophyta: Volume 4. Noordhoff-Kolff N.V., Djakarta 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2015. Personal Communication NA 103 Does the species have weedy races? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2015. Personal Communication NA Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" Source(s) Notes USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. 2015. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) "Native: [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources ASIA-TROPICAL Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: http://www.ars- Malesia: Indonesia - Kalimantan, Sumatra; Malaysia; Singapore" grin.gov/. [Accessed 12 Jun 2015] 202 Quality of climate match data High Source(s) Notes USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. 2015. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: http://www.ars- grin.gov/. [Accessed 12 Jun 2015] 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) n Source(s) Notes Plant This. 2015. Dillenia suffruticosa. http://www.plantthis.com.au/plant-information.asp? "Hardiness zones: 10-13" gardener=12866&plantSpot=4. [Accessed 22 Jun 2015] [Occurs in tropical climates <500 m elevation] ]"Distr. Malaysia: Sumatra (Palembang), Malay Peninsula, Riouw- and Lingga- Steenis, C.G.G.J. van (ed.). 1954. Flora Malesiana. Series I, Archipelagos, Natuna, Banka, Billiton, W. Java, and Borneo." ... "Ecol. Spermatophyta: Volume 4. Noordhoff-Kolff N.V., Djakarta In marshes, along streams, and on the margin of forests, often forming thickets, from sea-level up to 500 m." Creation Date: 22 Jun 2015 (Dillenia suffruticosa) Page 3 of 16 TAXON: Dillenia suffruticosa SCORE: 11.0 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y subtropical climates Source(s) Notes USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. 2015. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) "Native: [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources ASIA-TROPICAL Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: http://www.ars- Malesia: Indonesia - Kalimantan, Sumatra; Malaysia; Singapore" grin.gov/. [Accessed 21 Jun 2015] Does the species have a history of repeated 205 y introductions outside its natural range? Source(s) Notes "Naturalized: USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. 2015. ASIA-TROPICAL Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) Indian Subcontinent: Sri Lanka [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Malesia: Indonesia - Java Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: http://www.ars- SOUTHERN AMERICA grin.gov/. [Accessed 22 Jun 2015] Caribbean: Jamaica Cultivated: cultivated " 301 Naturalized beyond native range y Source(s) Notes Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Lorence, D.H. 2015. Flora of the Hawaiian Islands. Smithsonian Institution, "Dillenia suffruticosa (Griff.) Martelli Washington, D.C. Status: Naturalized http://botany.si.edu/pacificislandbiodiversity/hawaiianflo Distribution: O (Ko: Waihe`e)" ra/index.htm. [Accessed 21 Jun 2015] "Dillenia suffruticosa ... Widespread in Malesia from Sumatra to the Pelser, P.B., J.F. Barcelona & D.L. Nickrent (eds.). 2011 Philippines. But indigenous only from Sumatra to Borneo. onwards. Co's Digital Flora of the Philippines. Naturalized in the Philippines and Java where it is cultivated as an www.philippineplants.org ornamental treelet." "Dillenia suffruticosa, native to East Asia, was introduced to Sri Lanka as an ornamental plant to Royal Botanical Gardens in 1882 from Wickramathilake, B. A. K., Weerasinghe, T. K., & Ranwala, Boneo. It is a light demanding woody shrub that could grow up to S. M. W. (2013). Impacts of woody invader Dillenia 6m tall in open lands in moist soil, thus proliferated fast as dense suffruticosa (Griff.) Martelli on physio-chemical properties stands in the wet-low country of Sri Lanka inhabiting many of soil and, below and above ground flora. Journal of marshy/semi- marshy areas (including abandoned paddy fields) in Tropical Forestry and Environment, 3(2): 66-75 Kalutara, Galle and Ratnapura districts, posing a threat to native biota." "In recent years, an expansion in the range of four bird-dispersed shrubs or small trees has been observed: Ardisia crenata (first Kueffer, C. & Vos, P. 2004. Case Studies on the Status of introduced in 1960; Robertson 1989), Clidemia hirta (1987, invasive Woody Plant Species in the Western Indian Robertson 1989) and Dillenia suffruticosa (1960sʹϳϬs; Bailey 1971), Ocean: 5. Seychelles. Forest Health & Biosecurity Working and Memecylon caeruleum (1931; Gerlach 1996b)." ... "Some exotic Papers FBS/4-5E. FAO Forestry Dept., Rome, Italy species are currently seen to be expanding their range on the granitic islands: Ardisia crenata, Ardisia elliptica, Clidemia hirta, Dillenia suffruticosa and Memecylon caeruleum." Creation Date: 22 Jun 2015 (Dillenia suffruticosa) Page 4 of 16 TAXON: Dillenia suffruticosa SCORE: 11.0 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer "Naturalized: USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. 2015. ASIA-TROPICAL Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) Indian Subcontinent: Sri Lanka [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Malesia: Indonesia - Java Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: http://www.ars- SOUTHERN AMERICA grin.gov/. [Accessed 21 Jun 2015] Caribbean: Jamaica" 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed Source(s) Notes Nayanakantha, N.M.C. 2007. Alien invasive plants and "This distinctive shrubby tree grows vigorously in shade on eroded their potential threat to biodiversity in rubber plantations. and infertile soils, wasteland, forest edges and swampy areas and Bulletin of the Rubber Research Institute of Sri Lanka 48: can live for 50-100 years (Davies and Semui, 2006)." 61-66 [A pioneer tree of disturbed habitats that has negative Nevill, J. 2009. Mainstreaming Prevention and Control environmental impacts] "An invader of mid-altitude forest it is now Measures for Invasive Alien Species into Trade, Transport frequently found in secondary vegetation along major roads. It has and Travel across the Production Landscape.