Early Career Job Seekers’ Perceptions of Corporate Social Responsibility and Organizational Attractiveness of Islamic and non-Islamic banks in Indonesia By Faisal Abdullah Thesis Submitted to Flinders University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy College of Business, Government and Law June 2021 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables ..................................................................................................................................... iv List of Figures .................................................................................................................................... vi Abstract ............................................................................................................................................. vii Declaration ......................................................................................................................................... ix Acknowledgements............................................................................................................................. x 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Background to the research ................................................................................................... 1 1.3 Research Problem .................................................................................................................. 5 1.4 Research contributions .......................................................................................................... 8 1.5 Justification for the Research .............................................................................................. 11 1.5.2 Corporate social responsibility and the banking industry ............................................ 12 1.5.3 Corporate social responsibility and human resources practices globally .................... 14 1.5.4 Organizational attractiveness ....................................................................................... 15 1.5.5 Intention to apply ......................................................................................................... 16 1.6 Method................................................................................................................................. 18 1.6.2 Study One ..................................................................................................................... 18 1.6.3 Study Two .................................................................................................................... 19 1.6.4 Measures ...................................................................................................................... 19 1.6.5 Data analysis ................................................................................................................ 21 1.7 Outline of the Thesis ........................................................................................................... 21 1.8 Definitions ........................................................................................................................... 22 1.9 Delimitations of Scope and Key Assumptions, and their Justifications.............................. 22 1.10 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 23 2. Literature Review ..................................................................................................................... 24 2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 24 2.1.1 Background of corporate social responsibility............................................................. 24 2.2 Development of Corporate Social Responsibility Models .................................................. 26 2.2.1 Bowen’s (1953) model ................................................................................................. 26 2.2.2 Carroll’s (1979) model ................................................................................................. 26 2.2.3 Quazi and O’Brien’s (2000) model .............................................................................. 28 2.2.4 Frederik’s (2006) model............................................................................................... 29 2.2.5 Meehan et al.’s (2006) model ...................................................................................... 29 2.2.6 Aras and Crowther’s (2009) model .............................................................................. 29 2.3 Definitions of Corporate Social Responsibility................................................................... 30 2.4 Theories of Corporate Social Responsibility....................................................................... 32 2.4.1 Stakeholder theory ....................................................................................................... 32 2.4.2 Stakeholder theory and corporate social responsibility ............................................... 34 2.5 Overview of Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility ................................................... 35 2.5.1 Spiller’s (2000) ethical business model ....................................................................... 38 2.6 The Recruitment Process ..................................................................................................... 41 2.6.1 Signaling theory ........................................................................................................... 41 2.7 Intention to Apply and Corporate Social Responsibility..................................................... 44 2.8 Organizational Attractiveness and Corporate Social Responsibility .................................. 46 2.9 Context of Indonesia ........................................................................................................... 52 2.9.1 Corporate social responsibility in Indonesia ................................................................ 53 2.10 Banking in the World .......................................................................................................... 56 2.10.1 Overview of non-Islamic banks ................................................................................... 56 i 2.10.2 Overview of Islamic banks .......................................................................................... 57 2.11 Banking in Indonesia ........................................................................................................... 60 2.11.1 Non-Islamic banks in Indonesia ................................................................................... 61 2.11.2 Islamic banks in Indonesia ........................................................................................... 62 2.11.3 Corporate social responsibility and non-Islamic banks in Indonesia ........................... 65 2.11.4 Corporate social responsibility and Islamic banks ....................................................... 66 2.12 Research Proposition and Hypotheses ................................................................................ 68 2.12.1 Hypotheses for Study One ........................................................................................... 71 2.13 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 77 3. Research Methodology ............................................................................................................. 78 3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 78 3.2 Philosophical Foundation .................................................................................................... 78 3.2.1 Ontology ............................................................................................................................ 79 3.2.2. Epistemology .................................................................................................................... 80 3.3 Method................................................................................................................................. 82 3.3.1 Research design and justification ...................................................................................... 82 3.3.2 Historical outline of mixed methods research ................................................................... 85 3.3.3 Sampling strategy .............................................................................................................. 87 3.3.4 Data collection strategy ..................................................................................................... 90 3.3.5 Survey instrument and measures ....................................................................................... 92 3.3.6 Questionnaire Survey......................................................................................................... 95 3.4 Data Analysis Techniques ................................................................................................... 98 3.4.1 Study One .........................................................................................................................