THE BOOK OF JUBILEES AMONG THE APOCALYPSES VOLUME II A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Notre Dame in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Todd Russell Hanneken James C. VanderKam, Director Graduate Program in Theology Notre Dame, Indiana June 2008 CONTENTS Volume II Chapter 5: The Spatial Axis.............................................................................................261 5.1. Angels and demons............................................................................................264 5.1.1. Before the flood: the origin of evil..........................................................265 5.1.1.1. The Enochic apocalypses ..............................................................265 5.1.1.2. The Danielic apocalypses..............................................................268 5.1.1.3. Jubilees..........................................................................................269 5.1.2. After the flood: the persistence of demons..............................................272 5.1.2.1. The early apocalypses ...................................................................273 5.1.2.2. Jubilees..........................................................................................274 5.1.3. Angelic mediation ...................................................................................277 5.1.3.1. Evidence outside the apocalypses .................................................277 5.1.3.2. The early apocalypses ...................................................................281 5.1.3.3. Jubilees..........................................................................................283 5.1.4. The leader of evil.....................................................................................285 5.1.4.1. Terms, names and titles.................................................................286 5.1.4.2. Satan in non-apocalypse received scriptures.................................291 5.1.4.3. The early apocalypses ...................................................................293 5.1.4.4. Mastema in Jubilees ......................................................................294 5.1.5. Angels and demons in the eschatological crisis and restoration .............301 5.1.5.1. The early apocalypses ...................................................................302 5.1.5.2. Jubilees..........................................................................................304 Jubilees 23.......................................................................................... 305 The rest of the book ........................................................................... 307 5.2. Humans..............................................................................................................310 5.2.1. Groups .....................................................................................................310 5.2.1.1. Third Isaiah ...................................................................................312 5.2.1.2. The Enochic apocalypses ..............................................................313 5.2.1.3. The Danielic apocalypses..............................................................318 5.2.1.4. Jubilees..........................................................................................320 5.2.2. Violence...................................................................................................329 5.2.2.1. Third Isaiah ...................................................................................332 5.2.2.2. The Enochic apocalypses ..............................................................332 5.2.2.3. The Danielic apocalypses..............................................................334 5.2.2.4. Jubilees..........................................................................................338 viii Chapter 6: The Temporal Axis ........................................................................................347 6.1. The decline of history ........................................................................................349 6.1.1. The Enochic apocalypses ........................................................................349 6.1.2. The Danielic apocalypses and the book of Daniel ..................................353 6.1.3. Jubilees ....................................................................................................355 6.2. The final woes....................................................................................................357 6.2.1. The Enochic apocalypses ........................................................................359 6.2.2. The Danielic apocalypses........................................................................366 6.2.3. Jubilees ....................................................................................................367 6.2.3.1. The “final woes” are just chastisement from God as prescribed by the covenant. ..................................................................................369 6.2.3.2. The “final woes” have already been fulfilled................................371 6.2.3.3. The white children.........................................................................379 6.3. The judgment.....................................................................................................385 6.3.1. The Enochic apocalypses ........................................................................386 6.3.2. The Danielic apocalypses and the book of Daniel ..................................388 6.3.3. Jubilees ....................................................................................................391 6.3.3.1. Jubilees 23.....................................................................................392 6.3.3.2. The rest of Jubilees........................................................................395 Judgment in Jubilees 5 ....................................................................... 396 The role of Enoch in judgment........................................................... 397 The judgment of individual nations ................................................... 400 6.4. The restoration...................................................................................................405 6.4.1. Third Isaiah..............................................................................................406 6.4.2. The Enochic apocalypses ........................................................................408 6.4.3. The Danielic apocalypses and the book of Daniel ..................................412 6.4.4. Jubilees ....................................................................................................413 6.4.4.1. The restoration in Jubilees 23 is gradual and has already begun. .414 6.4.4.2. The restoration in Jubilees as a whole restores and fulfills the original plan of creation. .....................................................................417 Revelation .......................................................................................... 418 The people of Israel............................................................................ 420 The land of Israel ............................................................................... 426 The sanctuary ..................................................................................... 429 The calendar....................................................................................... 430 6.4.4.3. The periods of history in Jubilees .................................................433 6.5. Conclusion to the chapter on the temporal axis.................................................434 6.6. Appendices: Background issues and difficult readings related to the temporal axis .....................................................................................................436 6.6.1. The problem of the correlation between longevity and righteousness....436 6.6.2. Who were the descendents of Lot and Caphtor in the second century BCE?............................................................................................................439 6.6.3. Jubilees 32 promises conquest in the land of Israel, not a global empire.........................................................................................................442 6.6.4. The sanctification of the land ..................................................................447 ix 6.6.5. Jubilees 1:26-29 identifies the indwelling of the sanctuary in the restoration with the indwelling of the sanctuary of Aaron.........................449 6.6.6. The fiftieth year in Leviticus 25 and Jubilees 50 ....................................456 Chapter 7: Review of Ironic Use of the Genre “Apocalypse” in Jubilees.......................460 7.1. Jubilees 1, the framework..................................................................................462 7.2. Jubilees 2, creation.............................................................................................468 7.3. Jubilees 3-6, evil, injustice, and the lack thereof...............................................469 7.4. Jubilees 10, the other nations.............................................................................473 7.5. Jubilees 15, heavenly outsourcing .....................................................................476 7.6. Jubilees 16-22, miscellanea ...............................................................................478