1 Supplementary Material 2 3 Table S1: Paleontological age constraints of the Cretaceous terrestrial deposits in the Asian 4 interior basins 5 6 Table S2: Stratigraphic compilation of the climate-sensitive sediments with special emphasis 7 on desert (eolian dune) deposits cited in Figure 3. 8 9 Supplementary Methods: Paleoposition and Age constraints for the eolian sandstone 10 formations in the Asian interior basins 11 12 Figure S1: Lithostratigraphic column, paleowind direction data, and magnetic polarity 13 sequence of the eolian sandstone deposits (Jiaguan Formation) in Sichuan Basin, south China 14 15 Figure S2: Lithostratigraphic column, paleowind direction data, and magnetic polarity 16 sequence of the eolian sandstone deposits (Phu Thok Formation) in the Khorat Basin, 17 northeast Thailand 18 19 Supplementary References 20 21 1 22 Table S1: Paleontological age constraints of the Cretaceous terrestrial deposits in the Asian 23 interior basins based on the fossil assemblages of ostracods, charophytes, pollen and spores 24 (modified after, Li, 1982; Racey et al., 1996; Hao et al., 2000; Khand et al., 2000; Meesok, 25 2000; Chen et al., 2006; Sha, 2007; Hasegawa et al., 2010). 26 27 Gobi Basin Formation Lithology Fossil assemblage Age Tsagantsav Fm Reddish brown to whitish grey, Ostracodes: Cypridea unicostata Ber.–Brm. conglomerate and sandstone, Plants: Baiera manchurica, Cladophiledis reddish brown mudstone, onychiopsis, Nilssoniopteris denticulata calcretes, basalts Shinehudag Fm Greenish grey to whitish grey, Ostracodes: Cypridea fasciculata Brm?–Apt. siltstone & mudstone Charophytes: Aclistochara caii, Raskyella sp. Pollen & Spores: Cicatricosisporites australiensis, Densoisporites velatus, Pilosisporites trichopapilosus Khukhteeg Fm Whitish grey to brown, Ostracodes: Cypridea acutituberculata, Alb. conglomerate, sandstone, Tsetsenia mira, Trapeoidella khandae, mudstone, & lignites Janinella tsaganensis Charophytes: Atopochara trivolvis, Mesochara voluta, M. tuzsoni Pollen & Spores: Foraminisporites assemmetricus, Alisporites elongatus, Abiespollenites sp. Bayanshiree Reddish brown to whitish grey, Ostracodes: Lycopterocypris baishintsavica, Cen.-San. Fm conglomerate, sandstone, Charophytes: Atopochara multivolvis, mudstone, & calcretes Caucasuella gulistanica Djadokhta Fm Reddish to reddish brown, Ostracodes: Gobiocypris tugrigensis e. Camp. eolian sandstone & mudstone Barungoyot Fm Reddish to reddish brown, Ostracodes: Talicypridea abdarantica l. Camp. eolian sandstone & mudstone Nemegt Fm Reddish brown to whitish grey, Ostracodes: Talicypridea reticulata, e. Maas. conglomerate, sandstone, Mongolocypris distributa mudstone, & calcretes Charophytes: Mongololiachara mesochara Dzunmod Fm Reddish brown to whitish grey, no fossils m. Maas. eolian sandstone, mudstone, & calcretes 28 29 Ordos Basin Formation Lithology Fossil assemblage Age Luohe Fm Red to purple, fine- to Ostracodes: Darwinula contracta Ber.–Vlg. medium-grained, eolian Vertebrates: Lycoptera sp. sandstone Huanhe Fm Yellowish-green to Ostracodes: Cypridea unicostata, C. koskule- Vlg. (Huachi Fm) reddish-purple, fine-grained nsis, Rhinocypris cirrita sandstone, siltstone, & Dinosaurs: Psittacosaurus sp. mudstone Luohangdong Red to purple, fine- to Ostracodes: Cypridea vitimensis, C. consulta, Vlg.–Hau. Fm medium-grained, eolian C. koskulensis, Clinocypris scolia, Rhinocypris sandstone cirrita, Lycopterocypris infantilis, Darwinula simplus, Rhinocypris foveata, Djungarica stolida Dinosaurs: Psittacosaurus youngi Jingchuang Fm Yellowish-green to Ostracodes: Cypridea unicostata, C. Hau.–Brm. reddish-purple, fine-grained yumenensis, C. justa, C. koskulensis C. consulta, sandstone, siltstone, & C. subrostrata, Pseudocypridina globra, mudstone Clinocypris scolia, Lycopterocypris infantilis, Jungarica stolida, Rhinocypris foveata, R. cirrita 2 Pollen & Spores: Cicatricosis porites, Densois porites, Piceae pollenites Dinosaurs: Psittacosaurus youngi Lamawan Fm Yellowish-grey to Plants: Elatocladus manchuricus, E. obtusifolia, Brm.–Apt. whitish-grey, medium- to Brachyphyllum japonicum, Sphenolepidium sp., coarce-grained sandstone, Coniopteris onychioides, Czekanowskia rigida, mudstone, & coals Podozamites lanoeolatus, Stenorachis bulunensis Tegaimiao Fm Red to orange, fine- to Dinosaurs: Protoceratops sp. San.–Camp. medium-grained, eolian sandstone 30 31 Tarim Basin Formation Lithology Fossil assemblage Age Kezilesu Gp Red to purple, conglomerate, Ostracodes: Darwinnela contracta, Cypridea Ber.–Brm. sandstone, & sandy mudstone koskulensis, Lycopterocypris circulata, Rhinocypris cirrita, Charophytes: Cicatricosisporites sp., Crybelospprites sp. Pollen & Spores: Cicatricosis porites, Schizaeois certus, Dicheiropollis etrusus, Crybelospprites sp., Clavatipollenites sp., Liliacidites sp. Kumutake Fm Red to orange, pebbly Ostracodes: Talicypridea meliora, T. gemma, Con.-Camp. sandstone, sandstone, & Cypridea cavernosa, C. rostrata, Ziziphocypris mudstone simakovi, Candoniella mordvilkoi Subashi Fm Whitish-grey to reddish, Ostracodes: Cypridea mosuowanensi, Camp.–Maas. medium to coarse-grained Talicypridea amoena, T. gemma, T. retusa sandstone, & mudstone Dinosaurs: Tarbosaurus sp., Nemegtosaurus pachi, Oolithes spherides, Mongolimys turfanensis, Shanshanosaurus huoyanshanensis 32 33 Subei Basin Formation Lithology Fossil assemblage Age Xihengshan Fm Yellowish grey to purpe, Ostracodes: Cypridea sp. Ber.–Vlg. sandstone, mudstone, & coals Plants: Gleichenites nipponensis, Brachyphyllum besum, Sphenopteris nitidula Longwangshan Whitish grey to purple, no fossils Vlg. Fm andesite lava, & andesitic tuff breccia Dawangshan Purple to grey, andesitic tuff Plants: Pagiophyllum sp., Potozamites sp., Hau.–Brm. Fm breccia Otozamites sp. Gecun Fm Reddish orange, greenish Charophytes: Sphaerochara vertieillata, S. Apt.-Alb. grey, sandstone, & mudstone stontoni, Charites symmetrica, Flabellochara jurongica Pollen & Spores: Classopollis sp., Cicatricosisporites sp. Plants: Frenelopsis sp. Pukou Fm Reddish-purple to grey, Ostracodes: Cypridea sp., Talicypridea sp., Cen.-Con. pebbly sandstone Ziphocypris simakovi Pollen & Spores: Hizaeois porites, Welwitshia pites Chishan Fm Reddish-purple to Ostracodes: Cypridea cavernosa, Talicypridea San.-Maas. greenish-grey, sandstone & sp., Eucypris sp. mudstone Plants: Manica tholistoma 34 35 Jianghan Basin Formation Lithology Fossil assemblage Age Wulong Fm Reddish to yellowish-grey, Ostracodes: Cypridea prognata, Mantelliana Alb. conglomerate, sandstone, gigantea, Ziziphocypris simakovi, 3 mudstone Monosulcocypris sp. Charophytes: Mesochara symmetrica, M., stantoni, Flabellochara hangzhouensis, Euaclistochara mundula Pollen & Spores: Cicatricosisporites apicanalis, C. tersus, C. dorogensis, C. minutaetritatus, Klukisporites variegatus, Toroisporis pseudodorogensis, Lygodiumsporites subsimplex, Schizaeois porites cretaceousm S. phaseolus Plants: Manica parceramosa Luojinghu Fm Reddish-purple to grey, Ostracodes: Cypridea cavernosa Cen.–Tur. conglomerate, sandstone Honghuatao Fm Reddish to yellowish orange, Ostracodes: Cypridea cavernosa, Talicypridea Con.–San. fine-grained eolian sandstone amoena, T. longa Charophytes: Porochara anluensis Paomagang Fm Reddish to whitish grey, Ostracodes: Cypridea cavernosa, C. Camp.–Maas. sandstone & mudstone nanxiongensis, C. tera, Talicypridea amoena, T. longa, T. chinensis, T. quadrata Charophytes: Latochara cylindrica, L. curtula, L. yunnanensis, Peckichara dangyangensis, Charites tenuis 36 37 Sichuan Basin Formation Lithology Fossil assemblage Age Tianmashan Fm Reddish-purple conglomerate, Ostracodes: Deyangia lushanensis, D. Ber.–Brm. sandstone, & mudstone postacuta, Cypridea sp., Jingguella obtusura, Lycopterocypris sp., Minheella sp., Ziziphocypris sp., Mongolianella sp. Jiaguan Fm Reddish-purple, fine- to Ostracodes: Cypridea angusticaudata, C. Apt.–Tur. medium-grained, eolian sichuanensis, C. yunnanensis, C. gunzulingensis, sandstone C. enodata, C. cf. ampullaceousa, C. concise, C. tera, C. cf. gibbosa, C. setina frorida, C. sentina acerata, C. setina bellatula, C. (Bisulcocypridea) sp., C. (B.) chuxiongensis, C. (Morinina) monosulcata, Harbinia jingshanensin, Latonia (Monosulcocypris) spp., Sinocypris (Quadracypris) cf. favosa, Talicypridea (Cristocypridea) sp., Ziziphocypris orbita, Z. acuta, Jinggunella sp., Kaitunia cuneata,Darwinnela sp., Timiriasevia sp., Lycopterocypris sp., Pinnocypridea sp. Guankou Fm Red to purple, fine-grained Ostracodes: Cypridea gigantea, C. infidelis, Con.–Maas. sandstone, mudstone, gypsum Cristocypridea latiovata, C. chinensis, Sinocypris subfuningensis, Candona huangdianensis, C. qionglaiensis, Nonion sichuanensis, 38 39 Simao Basin Formation Lithology Fossil assemblage Age Jingxing Fm Yellowish-grey to Ostracodes: Monosulcocypris reticulata, Cyp- Ber.–Brm. whitish-grey, sandstone, ridea angusticaudata, Candona yunnanensis, mudstone, & coals Rhinocypris tuberculata, Limnocythere tumulosa Nanxin Fm Red to purple, sandstone, & Ostracodes: Monosulcocypris subovata, M. Apt.–Alb. mudstone subelliptica, M. longa, M. gigantea, M. yunnanensis, M. ventriconvexa, M. reticulata, Ziziphocypris simakovi, Rhinocypris tuberculata Charophytes: Atopochara trivolvis, Nodoclavator puchanghensis Bashahe Fm Reddish-purple, eolian no fossils Cen.–Tur. sandstone and sandy mudstone Mankuanhe Fm Red to purple, sandy Ostracodes: Eucypris anluensis, Cypridea Con.–Maas. 4 mudstone, & mudstone zhengdongensis, C. cavernosa, Sinocypris zhengdongensis, S. reniformis,Talicypridea subparallela, T.