PAPALGLGRARAVEVE STUTUDIDIESES IN COCOMPMPARARATATIVIVE GGLLOOBBALAL HISISTOTORRYY Global History with Chinese Characteristics Autocratic States along the Silk Road in the Decline of the Spanish and Qing Empires 1680–1796 Manuel Perez-Garcia Palgrave Studies in Comparative Global History Series Editors Manuel Perez-Garcia Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, China Lucio De Sousa Tokyo University of Foreign Studies Tokyo, Japan This series proposes a new geography of Global History research using Asian and Western sources, welcoming quality research and engaging outstanding scholarship from China, Europe and the Americas. Promoting academic excellence and critical intellectual analysis, it offers a rich source of global history research in sub-continental areas of Europe, Asia (notably China, Japan and the Philippines) and the Americas and aims to help understand the divergences and convergences between East and West. Advisory Board Patrick O’Brien (London School of Economics) Anne McCants (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) Joe McDermott (University of Cambridge) Pat Manning (Pittsburgh University) Mihoko Oka (University of Tokyo) Richard Von Glahn (University of California, Los Angeles) Bartolomé Yun-Casalilla (Universidad Pablo de Olavide de Sevilla) Shigeru Akita (Osaka University) François Gipouloux (CNRS/FMSH) Carlos Marichal (Colegio de Mexico) Leonard Blusse (Leiden University) Antonio Ibarra Romero (Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, UNAM) Giorgio Riello (University of Warwick) Nakajima Gakusho (Kyushu University) Liu Beicheng (Tsinghua University) Li Qingxin (Guangdong Academy of Social Sciences) Dennis O. Flynn (University of the Pacific) J. B. Owens (Idaho State University) More information about this series at http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/15711 Manuel Perez-Garcia Global History with Chinese Characteristics Autocratic States along the Silk Road in the Decline of the Spanish and Qing Empires 1680–1796 Manuel Perez-Garcia Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, China Pablo de Olavide University Seville, Spain Palgrave Studies in Comparative Global History ISBN 978-981-15-7864-9 ISBN 978-981-15-7865-6 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7865-6 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2021. This book is an open access publication. Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this book are included in the book’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the book’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and informa- tion in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Cover illustration: CPA Media Pte Ltd/Alamy Stock Photo This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore This research has been sponsored and financially supported from the GECEM project (Global Encounters between China and Europe: Trade Networks, Consumption and Cultural Exchanges in Macau and Marseille, 1680–1840) hosted by the University Pablo de Olavide, UPO, (Seville, Spain), www.gecem.eu. The GECEM project is funded by the ERC (European Research Council)-Starting Grant, under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme, ref. 679371. The Principal Investigator is Professor Manuel Perez-Garcia (Distinguished Researcher at UPO). This research has also been part of the academic activities of the Global History Network in China www.globalhistorynetwork.com. To my wife Marisol Vidales Bernal who has been the best companion and supporter since we moved to China in 2011. She has set an outstanding example showing strength, love, and encouragement to overcome the obstacles in day-to-day life and work during our time in Beijing, and now in Shanghai. Her generous help with my research by digitizing documents when we visited historical archives, website design, curation of images, and diffusion of academic results has been fundamental to the success of my academic endeavours. But above all without her support in difficult moments, this research and book would not have been possible. This book somehow is a reflection of our life and experience in China. Foreword Agenda of Global History Studies In 2000, Professor Sølvi Sogner (1932–2017) wrote for the 19th Inter- national Congress of the Historical Sciences at Oslo: Global history is increasingly becoming our common concern. …The field is still in its infancy and the practitioners are relatively few. Historians have traditionally concentrated on national achievements and dug deep in archival depots to substantiate their findings. The hallmark of the histo- rian’s craftfull command of the sources and methodological acumen— may seem at stake when confronting universal history…. The twenty-first century differs considerably from the previous one. The historian must rise to the new challenges and address them.1 Until the 2020s, we have so many global studies and global history studies ranging from various disciplines and topics to a wide variety of theoretical frameworks and ground archival works. Particularly, proce- dure of enlarging the field of global studies occurred mostly by absorbing different disciplines such as world sociology, political science, economic history, anthropology, religion, natural sciences, meteorology, maritime studies, health, disease, cultural studies, and history studies. However, as for disciplinary discussion on global study itself seems to be rather limited 1 Making Sense of Global History, Universitetsforlaget, Oslo, 2000, pp. 10–11. ix x FOREWORD and confined within individual discipline. It is expected for historians to take first tentative initiatives to create a wholly new inter- and multi- disciplinary commission for global history, a meeting place for a budding discipline where researchers in letters and science could meet, exchange ideas, cultivate, and develop a new field under global study’s perspectives, as Professor Sogner suggested. From these disciplinary discussions on global studies, we can recog- nize the role of global history studies that have the following three levels of discussion. Firstly, global history studies are based on a strong basis of synthesization as discipline with disciplinary consciousness of global analysis. Secondly it has peculiar methodological characteristics of global history study. Then, thirdly, these two layers are supported by archival and contemporaneous source materials with formal and informal archives of human societies with natural environments. Global History with Layered Analysis Judging from these criteria above mentioned, theoretical framework, methodological analysis, and historical source materials Professor Manuel Perez-Garcia elaborated in his book Global History with Chinese Charac- teristics, are representing one of the most comprehensive and complete accomplishments of global history studies in Europe and Asia. Firstly, his work is based on empirical research works in many archives both in Europe and Asia. He focused Macao and Marseille as local and peripheral port cities for his start: Looking at Macao and Marseille, two port cities located on the periph- eries of China and Europe, allows us to accurately observe how changes in consumer behaviour, prompted by the intermediation of traders, were correlated with economic growth and how the state bureaucracy and mercantilist policies facilitated or impeded the circulation and entry of over- seas goods. The common features shared in both areas is the cross-cultural trade that stimulated local economies, the internal organization of trading families, as well as the assimilation of different cultural forms. (p. 148) FOREWORD xi Then, secondly, the upper level of historical stage, region, and regional relations, is introduced: The analysis of socio-economic transfers and the acquisition of new cultural forms between regions of south China and western Mediterranean Europe, through the economic circuits of Macao and Marseille, might allow us to better understand the connections and global encounters in between far- flung regions. During the early modern period, mainly in the eighteenth century, markets tended to be integrated on a global scale, and the analysis