Evidence Gathering for Off-Gas Grid Bioliquid Heating Options Final Report Prepared for BEIS BEIS Research Paper no: 2019/020 May 2019 Release Date: 29th March 2019 Author(s): Lucy Hopwood Lead Consultant Bioenergy & Anaerobic Digestion, NNFCC Edward Mitchell Consultant, NNFCC Sotirios Sourmelis Research Analyst, NNFCC Neil Harrison Director, re:heat Steve Luker Principal Consultant, re:heat Disclaimer While NNFCC considers that the information and opinions given in this work are sound, all parties must rely on their own skill and judgement when making use of it. NNFCC will not assume any liability to anyone for any loss or damage arising out of the provision of this report. This report does not necessarily reflect the views of the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS). Acknowledgements We wish to thank all stakeholders who have supported and contributed to this project. NNFCC is a leading international consultancy with expertise on the conversion of biomass to bioenergy, biofuels and biobased products. NNFCC, Biocentre, Phone: +44 (0)1904 435182 York Science Park, Fax: +44 (0)1904 435345 Innovation Way, Email: [email protected] Heslington, Web: www.nnfcc.co.uk York, YO10 5DG CONTENTS GLOSSARY .................................................................................................................................................... 5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................... 7 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 11 1.1 OFF-GAS GRID HEATING IN THE UK ............................................................................................................................ 12 1.1.1 Fuel types ........................................................................................................................................................... 12 1.1.2 Economics and Fuel Poverty ...................................................................................................................... 15 1.1.3 Emissions ............................................................................................................................................................ 16 1.2 BIOLIQUID HEATING OVERVIEW .................................................................................................................................... 17 2 METHODS ........................................................................................................................................... 20 2.1 STAKEHOLDER INTERVIEWS ........................................................................................................................................... 20 2.2 PRACTICAL CONSTRAINTS OF INSTALLATION ............................................................................................................. 21 2.3 DEPLOYMENT MODEL ................................................................................................................................................... 21 3 MARKET AND TECHNOLOGY .......................................................................................................... 24 3.1 CONVERSION OF EXISTING OIL BOILERS ...................................................................................................................... 25 3.1.1 Conversion requirements ............................................................................................................................ 25 3.1.2 Market ................................................................................................................................................................. 28 3.2 100% BIODIESEL BOILERS ............................................................................................................................................. 28 3.2.1 Market ................................................................................................................................................................. 29 3.3 VIRGIN AND USED-COOKING OIL BOILERS .................................................................................................................. 30 3.3.1 Market ................................................................................................................................................................. 31 3.4 BIOLPG BOILERS ............................................................................................................................................................ 32 3.4.1 Market ................................................................................................................................................................. 32 3.5 PYROLYSIS OIL BOILERS ................................................................................................................................................. 33 3.6 BIOLIQUID STORAGE AND HANDLING .......................................................................................................................... 34 4 PRIORITISED FUELS AND SUPPLY CHAINS ................................................................................... 37 4.1 VEGETABLE OILS ............................................................................................................................................................ 38 4.1.1 Arisings and availability ................................................................................................................................ 38 4.1.2 Competing Markets ....................................................................................................................................... 39 4.1.3 Projected global production and demand ........................................................................................... 41 4.1.4 Economics .......................................................................................................................................................... 43 4.1.5 Emissions ............................................................................................................................................................ 44 4.2 USED COOKING OILS .................................................................................................................................................... 44 4.2.1 Arisings and availability ................................................................................................................................ 45 4.2.2 Economics .......................................................................................................................................................... 47 4.2.3 Emissions ............................................................................................................................................................ 48 4.3 BIODIESEL (FAME) ........................................................................................................................................................ 48 4.3.1 Arisings and availability ................................................................................................................................ 49 4.3.2 Economics .......................................................................................................................................................... 52 4.3.3 Emissions ............................................................................................................................................................ 53 4.4 BIOLPG (BIOPROPANE) ................................................................................................................................................ 54 Page 3 of 101 4.4.1 Arisings and availability ................................................................................................................................ 55 4.4.2 Economics .......................................................................................................................................................... 56 4.4.3 Emissions ............................................................................................................................................................ 57 4.5 PYROLYSIS OIL ............................................................................................................................................................... 58 4.5.1 Arisings and availability ................................................................................................................................ 59 4.5.2 Economics .......................................................................................................................................................... 59 4.5.3 Emissions ............................................................................................................................................................ 61 4.6 INNOVATION AND FUTURE FUELS ................................................................................................................................ 61 4.6.1 Gas-to-liquid (GtL) and E-fuels.................................................................................................................. 62 4.6.2 Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) .............................................................................................................. 64 4.6.3 Bioethanol for supplementary heating 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