T S 3 I D 0 C N 0 I E L 2 L R I T L G A U B R O L D G G L O B A L I L L I C I T D R U G T R E N D S 2 0 0 3 ISSN 1020-9298 Sales No. E.03.XI.5 ISBN 92-1-148156-2 United Nations publication Printed in Austria Printed in 2003–3,730 V.03-84614–June Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box 500, A-1400 Vienna, Austria A-1400 Vienna, Box 500, International Centre, P.O. Vienna (+43 1) 26060-0, Fax: (+43 1) 26060-5866, www.unodc.org Tel: coverpage_final.qxd 29/05/2003 15:08 Page 1 Acknowledgements The following individuals in the Research Section of UNODC contributed to the preparation of the present book: Sandeep Chawla Thibault le Pichon Thomas Pietschmann Patrick Seramy Aruna Nathwani Johny Thomas Ali Saadedin The preparation of the report would not have been possible without the contribution of drug control authorities in many countries, as well as several UNODC staff, sections and field offices. The report, which grew out of the original concep- tion of Thibault le Pichon and Patrick Seramy, has been an annual publication since 1999. OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME Vienna G L O B A L I L L I C I T D R U G T R E N D S 2 0 0 3 UNITED NATIONS New York, 2003 The Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention (UNODCCP) became the Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) on 1 October 2002. The Office on Drugs and Crime includes the United Nations International Drug Control Programme (UNDCP). United Nations Publication Sales No. E.03.XI.5 ISBN 92-1-148156-2 The boundaries, names and designations used in all maps in this book do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. This publication has not been formally edited. PREFACE At the twentieth special session of the General Assembly in 1998, States Members agreed to make significant progress towards the control of supply and demand for illicit drugs by the year 2008. They noted that this objective could only be achieved by means of the 'balanced approach' (giving demand as much attention as supply), and on the basis of regular assess- ments of the drug problem. The aim of the present report is to contribute to such assessments by presenting supply and demand statistics and analysis on the evolution of the global illicit drug problem. Reliable and systematic data to assess the drug problem, and to monitor progress in achiev- ing the goals set by the General Assembly, however, is not readily available. The present report is based on data obtained primarily from the annual reports questionnaire (ARQ) sent by Governments to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) in 2002, supplement- ed by other sources. Two of the main data limitations are that: (a) these annual questionnaires are not systematic enough, both in terms of the number of countries responding and of con- tent; and (b) most countries lack the monitoring systems required to produce reliable, compre- hensive and internationally comparable data. There have been some recent improvements. National illicit coca and opium monitoring systems, supported by UNODC, are now providing annual cultivation estimates for the main producing countries. However, data on other links in the drug chain, particularly on the demand side, are progressively weaker. This report tries to overcome the data limitations by presenting, annually, estimates and analy- sis of illicit drug production, trafficking and consumption. The first section deals with Trends in illicit drug production, trafficking and consumption. The second section provides the Statistics on which the globally aggregated estimates and trends are based. The difficulties of measuring an illicit activity are well known. Although they impose obvious lim- itations on data, it is possible to make reasonable order-of-magnitude estimates. It is also high- ly desirable to do so, because such estimates encourage transparency, stimulate discussion and build knowledge. Empirical evidence is the only realistic basis for policy-making. This report, by presenting what we know, and by showing what we do not know, contributes to build- ing the knowledge base for better policy. It also sets the basis for more focussed action to achieve the goals set in 1998 and reiterated at the Ministerial segment of the UN Commission on Narcotic Drugs in April 2003. Antonio Maria Costa Executive Director United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime 1 Global Illicit Drug Trends 2003 Explanatory notes EXPLANATORY NOTE This report has been reproduced without formal editing. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The names of territories and administrative areas are in italics. The following abbreviations have been used in this report: ARQ annual reports questionnaire ATS amphetamine-type stimulants CICAD Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission CIS Commonwealth of Independent States DEA United States of America, Drug Enforcement Administration DMT N,N - dimethyltryptamine DOB brolamfetamine EMCDDA European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction ESPAD European School Survey Project on Alcohol and other Drugs F.O. UNODC Field Office ICMP UNODC Global Illicit Crop Monitoring Programme IDU Injecting drug use INCB International Narcotics Control Board INCSR United States of America, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report Interpol/ICPO International Criminal Police Organization LSD lysergic acid diethylamide NAPOL National Police ODCCP United Nations Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention PCP phencyclidine UNAIDS Joint and Co-sponsored United Nations Programme on Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome UNDCP United Nations International Drug Control Programme UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime WCO World Customs Organization WHO World Health Organization Govt. Government u. Unit lt. Litre kg Kilogram ha Hectare mt Metric ton 3 Global Illicit Drug Trends 2003 Table of contents TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.................................................................................................................... 7 1. TRENDS 1.1. Production 1.1.1. Overview ......................................................................................................... 15 1.1.2. Opium / Heroin ................................................................................................ 15 1.1.3. Coca / Cocaine................................................................................................ 22 1.1.4. Cannabis ......................................................................................................... 29 1.1.5. Amphetamine-type stimulants......................................................................... 31 1.2. Trafficking 1.2.1. Overview ......................................................................................................... 47 1.2.2. Opium / Heroin ................................................................................................ 52 1.2.3. Coca / Cocaine................................................................................................ 63 1.2.4. Cannabis ......................................................................................................... 71 1.2.5. Amphetamine-type stimulants......................................................................... 82 1.3. Consumption 1.3.1. Overview ....................................................................................................... 101 1.3.2. Opium / Heroin .............................................................................................. 107 1.3.3. Coca / Cocaine.............................................................................................. 129 1.3.4. Cannabis ....................................................................................................... 136 1.3.5. Amphetamine-type stimulants....................................................................... 141 2. STATISTICS 2.1. Production 2.1.1. Opium / Heroin................................................................................................. 165 2.1.1.1. Afghanistan............................................................................................ 166 2.1.1.2. Pakistan................................................................................................. 177 2.1.1.3. Myanmar................................................................................................ 179 2.1.1.4. Lao PDR................................................................................................ 184 2.1.1.5. Reported eradication of opium poppy ................................................... 187 2.1.1.6. Seizure of illicit laboratories................................................................... 188 2.1.2. Coca / Cocaine ............................................................................................... 190 2.1.2.1. Colombia ............................................................................................... 191 2.1.2.2. Peru ....................................................................................................... 197 2.1.2.3. Bolivia .................................................................................................... 200 2.1.2.4. Reported eradication of coca ...............................................................