Accord Logo using multiply on layers 24 2012 issue issue Logo drawn as Editors seperate elements Accord with overlaps an international review of peace initiatives coloured seperately Elizabeth Picard and Alexander Ramsbotham 2012 Reconciliation, reform and resilience Positive peace for Lebanon Reconciliation, reform and resilience: and resilience: reform Reconciliation, Positive peace for Lebanon for peace Positive 24 Accord issue an international review of peace initiatives Reconciliation, reform and resilience Positive peace for Lebanon June 2012 // Editors Elizabeth Picard and Alexander Ramsbotham Accord // IssuE 24 // www.c-r.org Published by Conciliation Resources, to inform and strengthen peace processes worldwide by documenting and analysing the lessons of peacebuilding Published by Acknowledgements Conciliation Resources Conciliation Resources would like to give 173 upper street, London N1 1RG particular thanks to specialist editorial advisers: www.c-r.org Sune Haugbølle, Karam Karam, Marie-Joëlle Zahar and Aaron Griffiths; as well as Sami Atallah Telephone +44 (0) 207 359 7728 and The Lebanese Centre for Policy Studies. Fax +44 (0) 207 359 4081 Email [email protected] We also extend grateful thanks to authors, interviewers and interviewees, and the UK charity registration number 1055436 many other expert contributors to this Accord publication: Editors Elizabeth Picard and Alexander Ramsbotham Ahmad Beydoun, Aïda Kanafani-Zahar, Alistair Crooke, Are Knudsen, Armen Balian, Ben Executive Director Stevenson, Bernard Rougier, Beverley Milton- Andy Carl Edwards, Chandra Leikha Sriram, Cynthia Petrigh, Director, Policy, Practice and Communications Dima de Clerck, Duccio Bandini, Elinor Bray- David Newton Collins, Elizabeth Drew, Fatiha Kaoues, Nizar Kader, Ghassan El Ezzi, Guus Meijer, Hannes Accord series Editor Siebert, Hassan Krayem, Jamil Mouawad, Jeremy Alexander Ramsbotham Chivers, Jo Bahout, Karen Abi-Ezzi, Laurie King, Peacebuilding Analyst and Editor Lilian Kfoury, Lillah Fearnley, Lokman Slim, Zahbia Yousuf Marie Noelle AbiYaghi, Michael Kerr, Mohammad al-Sammak, Mona Yacoubian, Musna Al-Masri, Policy Analyst Nadim Shehadi, Nahla Chahal, Nathalie Tocci, Sophie Haspeslagh Nawaf Kabbara, Nizar Saghieh, Oliver Wils, Policy and Learning specialist Oren Barak, Oussama Safa, Paul Kingston, Phil Teresa Dumasy Champain, Randa Slim, Rania Jureidini, Rebecca Coutts-Buys, Refqa Abu-Remaileh, Reinoud Programme Assistant Leenders, Rita Ayoub, Sahar Frangieh, Sami Felix Colchester Atallah, Sami Hermez, Sanna Tasala, Sari Hanafi, Communications Manager Scarlett Haddad, Silvia Colombo, Souhail Natour, Sarah Bradford Stefanie Pollender, Talal Atrisi, Timur Goksel, Victoria Stamadianou, Vincent Geisser, William Media and Communications Officer Zartman, Ziad Majed, Zina Sawaf. Clare Richards This publication was made possible thanks Designed and typeset by soapbox to financial support from the European www.soapbox.co.uk Commission’s Instrument for Stability (IfS), the © Conciliation Resources 2012 UK Department for International Development Permission is granted for reproduction and (DFID), the Royal Norwegian Ministry of Foreign use of the materials for educational purposes. Affairs, the Swiss Federal Department of Please acknowledge your source when using the Foreign Affairs and the Swedish International materials and notify Conciliation Resources. Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA). Cover photo: Lebanese demonstrators hold a This publication has been portrait of a missing boy during a protest in Beirut produced with the financial to demand information on loved ones, missing assistance of the European since the country’s Civil War, on 13 April 2012. Union. The contents are the sole responsibility © Anwar Amro/AFP/Getty Images of Conciliation Resources and can under no circumstances be regarded as reflecting the ISSN 1365-0742 position of the European Union. ISBN 978-1-905805-18-1 This edition of Accord is part of the People’s Peacemaking Perspectives project, financed under the European Union’s Instrument for Stability. The project provides European Union institutions with analysis and recommendations based on the opinions and experiences of local people in a range of countries and regions affected by fragility and violent conflict. For more information about the project visit www.c-r.org/PPP Contents Acronyms 4 Map of Lebanon 5 section 1: Introduction 6 Introduction: Positive peace for Lebanon 7 Whose Lebanon? A post-war history of peacebuilding 11 section 2: Reconciling society 14 Dealing with Lebanon’s past 15 Civil mobilisation and peace in Lebanon 20 Ex-militia fighters in post-war Lebanon 24 Building bridges through interfaith dialogue 27 Women, participation and peace in Lebanon 30 Non-violent resistance and reform in Lebanon 32 section 3: Reforming the state 35 The Taif Agreement 36 Consensus democracy and representation in Lebanon 42 Displacement, return and reconciliation in Mount Lebanon 46 The Special Tribunal for Lebanon 49 Reconstruction and peace in Lebanon 52 section 4: Realising sovereignty 54 Internal choice or external fate? 55 Lebanese armed groups and sovereignty 57 Negative external intervention and peace in Lebanon 60 Militant Islam and jihad in Lebanon 64 Palestinians in Lebanon 67 Lebanon and Syria 71 Lebanon and Israel 73 Boundaries and demarcation 78 International peacebuilding in Lebanon: The role of the EU 82 section 5: Conclusion 86 Conclusion: Building peace and resilience for Lebanon 87 Chronology 91 Profiles 96 Glossary 99 Key texts 100 Further reading 101 Key websites 104 The Accord series 105 Reconciliation, reform and resilience: positive peace for Lebanon // 3 Acronyms AuB – American University of Beirut MN – Multinational Force CEDAW – Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination MD – Ministry of the Displaced against Women MP – Member of Parliament CGTL – General Confederation of Lebanese Workers NGO – Non-governmental Organisation CsO – Civil Society Organisation PLO – Palestinian Liberation Organisation DPO – Disabled People’s Organisation PsP – Progressive Socialist Party EC – European Commission sLA – South Lebanon Army ECHO – European Commission’s Humanitarian Office sOLIDE – Support of Lebanese in Detention or in Exile EEZ – Exclusive Economic Zone sTL – Special Tribunal for Lebanon ENP – European Neighbourhood Policy TCC – Troop Contributing Countries Eu – European Union uAR – United Arab Republic FsI – Lebanese Internal Security Forces uN – United Nations GDP – Gross domestic product uNDP – United Nations Development Programme IDF – Israeli Defence Force uNIFIL – United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon IIIC – International Independent Investigative Commission uNRWA – United Nations Relief and Works Agency ILMAC – Israeli-Lebanese Mixed Armistice Commission uNsC – United Nations Security Council LADE – Lebanese Association for Democratic Elections uNsCR – United Nations Security Council Resolution LAF – Lebanese Armed Forces usAID – United States Agency for International Development LCRN – Lebanon Conflict Resolution Network VAT – Value added tax LF – Lebanese Forces WTO – World Trade Organisation LNM – Lebanese National Movement 4 // Accord // IISSUE 2323 Map of Lebanon Road to Homs Hims Al Hamidiyah Tall Kalakh Towards Homs a Qattinah KEY R iver N ahr l- K abir International boundary Halba Qoubaiyat Province boundary Al Qusayr National capital El Mina Main roads Tripoli Zgharta Hermel El Qalamoûn 0 10 20 km ASH SHAMAL 0 10 mi Chekka Amioun Ehden s e t a n Bcharre o Batroun r O r e El Ain i v R Aarsal AL-BIQA’ Jbail JABAL LUBNAN Qartaba Boudai Joûnieh LEBANON Baalbek Yabrud Beskinta Britel Beirut i Bikfaiya n Mediterranean ita L SYRIAN Sea Baabda er A iv ut Rayak os R ARAB tra Zahle de Beir ut ascus Aley – Dam REPUBLIC Bhamdoun Barr Elias Rancus Damour Anjar Az Zabadani Deir El Qamar Dumayr Sidon Duma El Qaraoun Jezzine Damascus AL JUNUB Rashaya Darayya ni ba as Qatana H er iv Nabatiye Marjayoun R River Litani Sheeba K’far Shouba Al Kiswah NABATIYE Sur (Tyre) Metulla Ghajar Sheeba Farms Tibnin Qiryat Shemona GOLAN River Jordan River HEIGHTS (ISRAELI Bent Jbail OCCUPIED) Naqoura Al Qunaytirah ISRAEL Reconciliation, reform and resilience: positive peace for Lebanon // 5 section 1 Introduction Positive peace for Lebanon: reconciling society; reforming the state; realising sovereignty The Barakat building, located on the front line between East and West Beirut. The iconic 1920s building, ravaged by war, is awaiting transformation into a museum of memory and cultural heritage // © ANWAR AMRO/AFP/Getty Images 6 // Accord // ISSUE 24 Introduction Positive peace for Lebanon: reconciling society; reforming the state; realising sovereignty elizabeth Picard and Alexander Ramsbotham Lebanon’s much praised post-war model of power sharing and the destruction of the country. In fact, contemporary and liberal economic growth has failed to deliver for most conditions are perhaps even more precarious. Economic Lebanese. As repeated outbreaks of political violence since outlooks are grim (although a few dream of ‘sea-gas boom’ the 1989 Taif Agreement testify, a fundamentally different from recent discoveries in the eastern Mediterranean), approach is needed to transform negative and precarious emigration of qualified Lebanese is even higher than during stability in Lebanon into positive and resilient peace. wartime, and acute underdevelopment of peripheral areas has still not been properly addressed. Peace deficit on three levels The ‘peace dividend’ for the Lebanese is undermined by In the