Eur. J. Entorno!. 97: 119-129, 2000 ISSN 1210-5759 Review of the Afrotropical subgenusDisneyempis (Diptera: Empididae) C hristophe DAUGERON ESA 8043 CNRS, Laboratoire d’Entomologie, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, 45 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France; e-mail: [email protected] Key words.Taxonomy, Diptera, Empididae, Empis, Disneyempis, new species, phylogeny, monophyly, Afrotropical region Abstract. The Afrotropical subgenus Disneyempis Smith of the genus Empis L. is redescribed and redefined on the basis of three synapomorphies, namely labrum lengthened, male eyes more or less broadly separated on frons with all ommatidia of equal size, fe­ male abdomen with bluish to purplish metallic reflections on terga 2-5. At present, the subgenus comprises six species: E. (D.) hir- sutipennis Smith as type species, E. (D.) jacksoni Smith, E. (D.) argentea sp. n., E. (D.) spinifemorata sp. n., E. (D.) proboprocera sp. n. and one unnamed species E. (D.) sp. 1. All species are described [except E. (D.) sp. 1] and keyed. The subgenus has a tropical African geographical range including Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo (formerly Zaire), Republic of Congo and Gabon. INTRODUCTION changes, the name of Coptophlebia becomes reserved for Dance flies of the tribe Empidini (Empididae; Etnpidi- a small Palaearctic group of six species (Chvála, 1994; nae) form a large worldwide group of about 1,200 de­ Daugeron, 1997b,c). scribed species. Two very large genera, Rhamphomyia With the aim of proposing a future phylogenetic analy­ Meigen, 1822 and Empis L., 1758, contain some 90% of sis of the tribe Empidini, a comparable study has been described species. A subgeneric classification based on performed for the Afrotropical Empidini for which six the Palaearctic fauna has been established for these two groups were tentatively identified, of which one is repre­ genera (Bezzi, 1909). However, as Chvála (1994) pointed sented also in the Oriental and Australasian regions out, this subgeneric classification is hardly applicable to (Daugeron, 1997c, 1999; Appendix). This paper presents other geographical regions and several subgenera appear a revision of one of this group, the subgenus Disney­ unnatural. Nevertheless, the subgeneric classification has empis, comprising six closely related species: E. hirsuti­ been partly followed for the Afrotropical fauna by Smith pennis Smith, the type-species of the subgenus Disney­ (1967a, b, 1969, 1971, 1976, 1980), who published the empis, E. jacksoni Smith (described in the subgenus only significant work on the regional Empidinae. Species Coptophlebia: Smith, 1971) the female of which is newly in which wing vein Ml or veins Ml and M2 are abbrevi­ described here, as well as four new species. To attest its ated were placed in the subgenus Coptophlebia Bezzi, monophyly, this group was compared with all groups 1909(Empis) and species with all median veins complete considered previously by any author as potential relatives. in Empis s. str. Four species were placed in the genus MATERIAL AND METHODS Rhamphomyia without subgeneric placement. For a Assessment of the monophylyDisneyempis of unique species, Empis hirsutipennis Smith, represented by a single female from Cameroon, Smith (1976) estab­ According to previous phylogenetic and taxonomic studies (Syrovátka, 1991; Chvála, 1994; Daugeron, 1997c and in prep.) lished a new subgenus Disneyempis of the genus Empis and cladistic analysis of important material from Palaearctic and on account of the presence of three unique characters: A Afrotropical regions (Daugeron, 1997c and in prep.), several bluish metallic abdomen, a radial fork (vein R4+5) species-groups, including Disneyempis, seem to form a mono­ lengthened with an acute angle, and densely microtrichi- phyletic lineage within the tribe Empidini on the basis of a slen­ ate wings. der, strongly sclerotized proboscis, especially the labium, and As Chvála (1994) already noted, redefinition of the other characters in the venation. Consequently, the monophyly subgenera Empis s. str. and Coptophlebia is needed, for at of Disneyempis was preferably assessed by comparison with least two reasons: First, the abbreviation of vein Ml is members of this group as follows: present also in species belonging to other groups, e.g. E. First, a list of 13 species-groups was compiled. This list com­ (Kritempis) lívida L.; second, the complete/abbreviated prises 12 species-groups belonging either to Empis s. str. or Coptophlebia, as well as the subgenus Aclonempis Collin, 1926 vein Ml is a polymorphic character, since some speci­ of the genus Rhamphomyia since this subgenus is considered to mens of Empis s. str. show an abbreviated Ml and con­ be more related to Empis s. str. and Coptophlebia than to other versely some specimens of Coptophlebia a complete M1. members of Rhamphomyia (see for example Chvála, 1994). Consequently, the subgenera are not well defined even Second, morphological comparison was made between species for the Palaearctic region. To clarify these taxonomic of Disneyempis and remaining groups. Considering the current problems, Palaearctic Empis s. str. and Coptophlebia have ideas of the phylogeny of the entire tribe Empidini, the charac­ been divided already into several inferred monophyletic ters found only in Disneyempis appear to be synapomorphic and groups (Syrovátka, 1991; Chvála, 1994). Amongst these support monophyly of that taxon. 119 Material and morphological terms males, were collected. These specimens are also brown in This study is mainly based on pinned adult specimens belong­ general colour, but distinctly darker and the females ex­ ing to collections of Diptera of the Muséum national d’Histoire hibit a metallic abdomen. Although I cannot rule out fe­ naturelle, Paris (MNHN), the Natural History Museum, London male polymorphism, the hypothesis of colour change (BMNH), the Natal Museum, Pietermaritzburg and the Royal during the life of the fly seems more likely. Belgian Institute ofNatural Sciences, Brussels. A few other Empidini exhibit metallic reflections, The morphological terms follow McAlpine (1981), except for namely species of two Neotropical genera, Lamprempis the male genital sclerites, the interpretation of which follows Wheeler & Melander, 1901 and Porphyrochroa Sinclair et al. (1994) and Cumming et al. (1995). Consequently the traditional male genital terms of dorsal, lateral and ventral Melander, 1927 (Rafael & Cumming, 1998), and one lamellae are replaced by cerci, epandrium and hypandrium re­ Neotropical species of the genus Empis, E. fulvicollis spectively. However, as already explained (Daugeron, 1997a), Collin, 1933. These taxa are not closely related to Dis­ the term epandrial lamella is used for the lateral sclerites form­ neyempis on account of several morphological differences ing the epandrium. In all descriptions, the length of labrum is especially in the structure of the proboscis. In addition, given relative to head height. metallic reflections are present in both sexes in these spe­ The male genitalia and female postabdomen were dissected cies contrary to species of Disneyempis in which only fe­ and macerated in hot 10% KOH; specimens were drawn in gly­ males are metallic. I consider therefore metallic reflec­ cerine using a camera lucida. tions present in species of Disneyempis on the one hand MONOPHYLY OF DISNEYEMPIS and some Neotropical species on the other hand as homo­ plastic. Three synapomorphies were found to attest the mono- Thus the subgenus Disneyempis seems to represent a phyly of the subgenus Disneyempis: The length of the monophyletic group of six species within the tribe Em­ labrum, the arrangement of eyes and size of ommatidia in pidini. Nevertheless the confirmation of this hypothesis male, and the coloration of the female abdomen. Of the requires collecting of additional specimens and the dis­ characters originally given by Smith (1976) to define the covery of missing sex in some species. subgenus Disneyempis, only the coloration of the female abdomen is thus retained. The other two characters (radial SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT fork lengthened and microtrichiate wings) therefore are Genus Empis L., 1758 without subgeneric significance. First, the labrum is always very long, between 3.5 and 5 SubgenusDisneyempis Smith, 1976 times the head height (= 5 to 7 times the head width). In Empis {Disneyempis) Smith, 1976: 189. all other groups examined (Appendix), the labrum often is T ype species: Empis (Disneyempis) hirsutipennis Smith, 1976: longer than the head but rarely more than twice; in a few 190 (original designation). species like Empis pennipes L. the labrum is about three Included species: E. (D.) argentea sp. n.; E. (D.) spinifemorata times the head height. sp. n.; E. (D.) hirsutipennis Smith, 1976; E. (D.) jacksoni Second, eyes of known males are either distinctly sepa­ Smith, 1971; E. (D.)proboprocera sp. n.; E. (D.) sp. 1. rated on the frons, although less than in females, or only Diagnosis.Species of medium to large size, brown in separated by a narrow space, thus almost holoptic; the up­ general colour, abdominal terga of females partly metallic per ommatidia are never enlarged, and all ommatidia are with bluish to purplish reflections, only shining in juve­ of equal size or lower ommatidia a little enlarged. nile specimens, with strong, long black bristles (except Holoptic eyes with upper ommatidia enlarged, which is for the yellow-brown pennate bristles of fore male tarsi hypothesized to represent the ground plan condition in the present in two specimens