Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-51478-1 - Capnography, Second Edition Edited by J. S. Gravenstein, Michael B. Jaffe, Nikolaus Gravenstein and David A. Paulus Index More information Index abbreviated injury score 74 airway–alveolar interface 340 amino acids 240 abdominal aortic cross-clamp 220 alanine 239 anatomic deadspace 83, 196 abdominal aortic surgery 245 alarm systems 378 anesthesia 43 acclimatization 117, 119 alcoholic ketoacidosis 302 airway establishment 48 acetazolamide aliasing 410 and CO2 production 242 high-altitude complications 120 altitude exposure 115 atalectasis 166 respiratory effects 288 alveolar pressure changes 117 breathing circuit 45 acetyl-CoA 239 and pressure 116 capnography 320 acetylene tracer 209 capnometry 124 equipment 44 acid–base balance 250, 295–310 human physiology 116 cardiovascular surgery 50 chemical buffering 295 hypocapnia 256 general 103 normal 295 lung volume 119 intraoperative events acid–base disorders altitude mountain sickness 117 cardiopulmonary bypass 246 approach to 298–99 alveolar CO2 See PaCO 2 laparoscopy 244 compensation equations 299 alveolar deadspace 4, 83, 170, 196, temperature 246 diagnosis 297 200, 226, 315 tourniquet release 245 mixed 300 acute respiratory distress syndrome vascular cross-clamping 245 simple 299 177 laparoscopy 49 acids 295 causes of 177 morbidity 104 acinar airway reduction factor 349 increased 196 neurosurgical 49 acute lung injury 170, 177 gas embolism 205 one-lung ventilation 49 acute mountain sickness 120 pulmonary embolism 201 position-related problems 48 acute respiratory distress syndrome alveolar deadspace fraction 200 ventilation during 43 153, 160, 318 alveolar ejection volume See Va e anion gap See metabolic acidosis alveolar deadspace 177 alveolar gas equation 122, 226 antacids mechanical ventilation 169 alveolar hyperventilation 117 false-positive CO2 estimates ventilation/perfusion mismatch 322 alveolar hypoventilation 15 39 adults alveolar minute ventilation 150, 152, anthropogenic effect 262 normal respiratory values 5 233 antisialagogues 41 air alveolar O2 See PaO 2 anxiolysis 103, 108 constituents of 116 alveolar plateau 85, 329 anxiolytics 43 air embolism 4, 204, 444 missing 92 aortic body 117, 360 air travel 116 alveolar recruitment 161 aortic pulse pressure 66 airway alveolar ventilation 165 aortic surgery 51 anesthesia 48 monitoring 12 APACHE 63 difficult 34 neonates 83 apnea 16, 26, 34, 58 establishment of 48 relationship to PaCO2 39 central sleep 256 integrity 56 American Heart Association 20, 64, conscious sedation 108–09 neonates 91 192 apnea test for brain death 290 airway devices American Society for Testing and ARDS See acute respiratory distress out-of-hospital setting 20 Materials (ASTM) 373 syndrome airway maintenance 34 American Society of arterial blood gases 297 airway management Anesthesiologists 43, 64 analysis 12 hospital setting 32–35 American Society of Anesthesiology arterial carbon dioxide partial operating room 37–41 Closed Claims Study 37 pressure See PaCO2 out-of-hospital setting 19–29 American Society of Gastrointestinal arterial CO2 tension See PaCO2 airway obstruction Endoscopy arterial gas embolism 122–23 conscious sedation 108–09 Clinical Outcomes Research arterial–alveolar gradient 56 monitoring 13 Initiative (CORI) 105 arterial-to-alveolar PCO2 gap 235 467 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-51478-1 - Capnography, Second Edition Edited by J. S. Gravenstein, Michael B. Jaffe, Nikolaus Gravenstein and David A. Paulus Index More information Index asthma 5, 48, 196, 330, 332 Boyle, Robert 415 neonate arterial–alveolar gradient Boyle’s Law of Pressure and Volume devices 80 56 121 emergency medicine and biofeedback 131 brain transport 85 rationale 131 CO2 effects 252 intensive care 86 results 131 brain death mainstream and sidestream CO2 monitoring 58 apnea testing 290 measures 81 hypocapnia 127 brain injury, traumatic 66, 72 operating room 84 waveforms 465 breath detection 392 response time 90 atelectasis 145 breath sounds safety 86 anesthesia-induced 166 auscultation 22 sampling rate 91 atmospheric gases 261 patients in transit 63 small airways 91 atmospheric monitoring 261–69 breathing circuit 45 technical limitations 89 closed ecosystems 265 integrity 56 out-of-hospital setting 24–27 mines 263 during transit 64 patients in transit 63–68 saturation diving 265 breathing, control of 360–68 pulmonary embolism 195–205 SEALAB experiments 265 dynamic end-tidal forcing 363 sleep disorders 96–100 atmospheric pressure 115 frequency response of respiratory time-based See time-based changes in 68 controller 363 capnography ATP 239 hypercapnic ventilatory response 362 veterinary medicine 272–79 Australian Incident Monitoring Study physiology 360 volume-based See volume-based (AIMS) 39 pseudorandom binary forcing 364 capnography Avogadro’s law 289 response to transient CO2 waveforms inhalation 362 biphasic 40 Badische Anilin und Soda Fabrik British Standards Institute (BSI) 373 use of 76 (BASF) 418 bronchiolitis 58 capnography head-up tilt test bag-valve mask 19 bronchodilators 174 (CHUTT) 16 Bartter syndrome 306 bronchopleural fistula 34 capnometry 27 bases 295 bronchospasm 26, 330 at altitude 124 Beckman metabolic measurement Buteyko breathing technique 128 colorimetric 75 cart 424 conscious sedation Beer–Lambert law See Lambert–Beer calcium metabolism 246 modified nasal cannula 106 law calibration 380 definition23 bicarbonate 240 calorimetry endotracheal tube placement 64 during cardiopulmonary direct 241 quantitative 75 resuscitation 187 indirect 241 semiquantitative 75 regulation 296 capacitance equation 215 sleep disorders 97 bicarbonate buffers 295 capnogram capnometry-assisted respiratory bicarbonate infusion 288 analysis of 432 training See biofeedback bicarbonate–carbonic acid equation church-steeple appearance 47 carbohydrate metabolism 239 295 origins of 432 carbon dioxide 239–47, 415 bi-level ventilation 141 capnography 1, 27, 226, 329–37 absorbers 151 biofeedback 127–33 advances in 148 balance 151, 240 asthma 127, 131 alpha angle 13 elimination 151 epilepsy 128 applications 432 embolism 663, 922 hyperventilation syndrome 128 beta angle 13, 319 exhaled 11, 226 panic disorder 127, 129 cardiopulmonary resuscitation increased partial pressures 288 principles and perspectives 132 185–92 apnea testing for brain death Bios-3 265 clinical uses 12 290 Biosphere 2 266 conscious sedation 105 bicarbonate infusion 288 birds, capnography 276 definition23 inhalation test 362 Black, Andrew 459 endotracheal tube placement 64 measurement 381–93, 417 blackdamp 263 history 455 algorithms 392 Bland–Altman plot 212, 215 monitoring chemical 417 blood transfusion air embolism 444 colorimetric detectors 385 decision hemodynamics 219 circulation 437 early clinical applications 420 Bohr equation 59, 65, 83, 198 medical errors 442 infrared absorption 382 Bohr, Christian 417, 421 metabolism 432 mainstream/sidestream Bohr–Enghoff equation 84, 165 technical defects 441 capnography 388 Bouguer, Pierre 416 ventilation 433 mass spectroscopy 386 468 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-51478-1 - Capnography, Second Edition Edited by J. S. Gravenstein, Michael B. Jaffe, Nikolaus Gravenstein and David A. Paulus Index More information Index photoacoustic spectroscopy 385 patients in transit 66 closed ecosystems 265 physical 418 thermal dilution 210 Bios-3 265 metabolic changes affecting54 cardiogenic oscillations 3, 7, 437, 465 Biosphere 2 266 cardiovascular function 54 cardiopulmonary bypass 51, 246 International Space Station 267 respiratory function 55 weaning from 146 Space Shuttle 266 monitoring 226 cardiopulmonary resuscitation 33, submarines/submersibles 268 and ambient pressure 124 185–92, 465 Cobra Perilaryngeal Air 19 asthma 58 bicarbonate and epinephrine 187 colorimetric capnometers 11, 32 neonates 58 coronary and cerebral perfusion 187 colorimetric capnometry 75 non-invasive 149 cardiopulmonary system colorimetric CO2 detector 16, 385 spontaneously breathing patients high-altitude changes 119 semi-quantitative 24 58 cardiovascular function Comité Européen pour Normalisation tissue levels 235 and CO2 54 (CEN) 373 pathophysiology 283–86 cardiovascular surgery compensation equations 299–300 physical properties 381 anesthesia 50 complete rebreathing 208 production 60, 239–40 carnitine palmitoyltransferase II compliance, pulmonary 11 anesthesia 242 deficiency 283 computed tomography 162 biochemistry/physiology 239 carotid body 117 congestive heart failure 222 calorimetry 241 carotid pulse 186 conscious sedation 103 intraoperative events 244 cassava, cyanide in 285 airway obstruction 108–09 reduced partial pressures cats, capnography 273 apnea 108–09 carbonic anhydrase disorders 286 cattle, capnography 274 capnography 102–11 mitochondrial disorders 283 Centers for Disease Control (CDC) 262 acceptance by providers 110 regulation 295 central atmosphere monitor 269 acceptance by regulatory agencies respiratory stimulation 118 central nervous system 110 stores 240 CO2 effects 252 vs. observation 110 tissue/organ effects250–56 high-altitude changes 120 children 105 central nervous system and brain central sleep apnea 256 definition of103 252 central venous pressure 208 guidelines 102 central sleep apnea 256 cerebral edema history 104 circulatory system and heart 254 high altitude 120 hypercarbia 110 oxygen delivery 252 cerebral perfusion pressure 187 hypoventilation 108 respiratory system 253