Stage Measurement at Gaging Stations Chapter 7 of Book 3, Section A Techniques and Methods 3–A7 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Front cover: Looking upstream into Glacier National Park from Swiftcurrent Creek at Many Glacier, Mont. (U.S. Geological Survey station no. 05014500). Back cover: On the top, hydrographer inspecting the streamgage at Prairie Dog Town Fork Red River near Canyon, Tex. (USGS station no. 07297500) in August 1925 (site is now discontinued). On the bottom, Streamgage construction crew at the Suwannee River at Ellaville, Fla. (USGS station no. 02319500), February 20, 1933. Stage Measurement at Gaging Stations By Vernon B. Sauer and D. Phil Turnipseed Techniques and Methods 3–A7 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior KEN SALAZAR, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Marcia K. McNutt, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2010 For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment—visit http://www.usgs.gov or call 1–888–ASK–USGS For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod To order this and other USGS information products, visit http://store.usgs.gov Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted materials contained within this report. Suggested citation: Sauer, V.B., and Turnipseed, D.P., 2010, Stage measurement at gaging stations: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods book 3, chap. A7, 45 p. (Also available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/tm3-a7/.) ISBN 978–1–4113–2989–8 iii Preface This series of manuals on Techniques and Methods (TM) describes approved scientific and data-collection procedures and standard methods for planning and executing studies and labora- tory analyses. The material is grouped under major subject headings called “books” and further subdivided into sections and chapters. Section A of book 3 is on surface-water techniques. The unit of publication, the chapter, is limited to a narrow field of subject matter. These publications are subject to revision because of experience in use or because of advancement in knowledge, techniques, or equipment, and this format permits flexibility in revision and pub- lication as the need arises. Chapter A7 of book 3 (TM 3–A7) deals with stage measurement at gaging stations. The original version of this chapter was published in 1968 as U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Techniques for Water-Resources Investigations, chapter A7 of book 3. New and improved equipment, as well as some procedural changes, have resulted in this revised second edition of “Stage measurement at gaging stations.” This edition supersedes USGS Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations 3A–7, 1968, “Stage measurement at gaging stations,” by T.J. Buchanan and W.P. Somers, available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/twri/twri3a7/, and supplements USGS Water-Supply Paper 2175, volume 1, 1982, “Measurement and computation of streamflow: Measurement of stage and discharge,” by S.E. Rantz and others, available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/wsp2175/html/WSP2175_vol1.html. This revised second edition of “Stage measurement at gaging stations” is published online at http://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/tm3-a7/ and is for sale by the U.S. Geological Survey, Science Infor- mation Delivery, Box 25286, Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225. v Contents Preface ...........................................................................................................................................................iii Abstract ...........................................................................................................................................................1 Introduction and Purpose .............................................................................................................................1 Basic Requirements for Collecting Stage Data ........................................................................................2 Gage-Component Definitions ..............................................................................................................2 Gage Datum ...........................................................................................................................................3 Stage-Accuracy Requirements ..........................................................................................................3 Sources of Stage-Measurement Errors ...................................................................................4 Datum Errors ........................................................................................................................4 Gage-Reading Errors ..........................................................................................................4 Stage-Sensor Errors ...........................................................................................................4 Water Surface-to-Sensor-to-Recorder Errors ...............................................................4 Hydraulically Induced Errors ............................................................................................5 Recorder Errors ...................................................................................................................5 Retrieval Errors ...................................................................................................................5 Verification Errors ...............................................................................................................5 Gage Structures .............................................................................................................................................6 Stilling Wells ..........................................................................................................................................6 Instrument Shelters ............................................................................................................................11 Lightning Protection ...........................................................................................................................12 Instrumentation ............................................................................................................................................12 Nonrecording Gages ..........................................................................................................................13 Staff Gages..................................................................................................................................13 Electric-Tape Gages ..................................................................................................................14 Wire-Weight Gages ...................................................................................................................14 Cantilevered Wire-Weight Gages ...........................................................................................15 Float-Tape Gages .......................................................................................................................16 Float-Tape Maximum- and Minimum-Stage Indicators .......................................................17 Crest-Stage Gages ....................................................................................................................17 Water-Level Sensors ..........................................................................................................................19 Float-Driven Sensors .................................................................................................................19 Basic Float System ...........................................................................................................19 Float and Shaft Encoder ..................................................................................................19 Float and Potentiometer ..................................................................................................20 Bubble Gages .............................................................................................................................20 Gas-Purge Systems ..........................................................................................................21 Bubble-Gage Orifices .......................................................................................................22 Nonsubmersible Pressure Transducers .......................................................................24 Submersible Pressure Transducers .......................................................................................25 Noncontact Water-Level Sensors...........................................................................................26 Acoustic..............................................................................................................................26 Radar ...................................................................................................................................28 vi Rapid Deployment Gages ................................................................................................30 Optical (Laser) ...................................................................................................................30