Jan Fredrik Schønheyder METHOD DEVELOPMENT FOR THE DESIGN OF SAFETY-CRITICAL SYSTEMS The space between design research and professional design practice METHOD DEVELOPMENT FOR THE DESIGN OF SAFETY-CRITICAL SYSTEMS © Jan Fredrik Schønheyder, 2019 ISSN 1502-217X ISBN 978-82-547-0322-9 CON-TEXT Avhandling 97 Akademisk doktorgrads- avhandling avgitt ved Arkitektur- og designhøgskolen i Oslo UTGIVER: Arkitektur- og designhøgskolen i Oslo ILLUSTRASJON OMSLAG: Jan Fredrik Schønheyder TRYKK: Akademika forlag AS DESIGN AV BASISMAL: BMR 1 CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................................................. 7 PREFACE...................................................................................................................................... 8 PART 1......................................................................................................................................... 9 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 10 1.1 Design practitioners in an unfamiliar domain .......................................................... 10 1.2 Research aims and questions ................................................................................... 12 1.3 The interaction design research triangle ................................................................. 13 1.4 Pragmatism............................................................................................................... 14 1.5 Journal articles.......................................................................................................... 15 1.5.1 Interview guide mapping: Qualitative inquiry in professional design practice 15 1.5.2 The use and evolution of design methods in professional design practice ..... 15 1.5.3 Designing Relevant Methods: A Case Study on Iterative Method Development in Professional Interaction Design Practice ...................................................................... 15 1.6 Contributions ............................................................................................................ 16 1.7 Conditions of the study ............................................................................................ 17 1.8 Structure of the thesis .............................................................................................. 19 2 THE CONTEXT OF THE STUDY ........................................................................................... 21 2.1 Objectives of the literature review .......................................................................... 21 2.1.1 Strategy and approach ..................................................................................... 22 2.2 The research context ................................................................................................ 25 2.2.1 Design research and professional design practice ........................................... 25 2.2.2 Complexity in interaction design practice ........................................................ 26 2.2.3 Wicked problems in design .............................................................................. 28 2.2.4 Pragmatic and designerly ways ........................................................................ 30 2.2.5 Instrumental judgment in design ..................................................................... 31 2.2.6 Design methods in professional practice ......................................................... 31 2.2.7 Design in unfamiliar domains ........................................................................... 33 2.2.8 Complications for design practitioners in safety-critical systems.................... 35 2.3 Safety-critical systems .............................................................................................. 35 2.3.1 Accidents involving safety-critical systems ...................................................... 35 2.3.2 Human Factors ................................................................................................. 37 2.3.3 HF and Human–computer interaction ............................................................. 38 2.3.4 Translation of analysis to HMI .......................................................................... 39 2 2.3.5 Connecting to established theory .................................................................... 40 2.3.6 Situation awareness framework ...................................................................... 40 2.3.7 Summary of design and HF............................................................................... 42 2.4 A philosophical perspective ..................................................................................... 42 2.4.1 Philosophical perspectives in design ................................................................ 42 2.4.2 Design and pragmatism .................................................................................... 44 2.4.3 Primacy of practice principle ............................................................................ 44 2.4.4 Pragmatic validity ............................................................................................. 45 2.4.5 Summary........................................................................................................... 45 3 PROBLEM STATEMENT AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS ....................................................... 47 3.1 Problem definition.................................................................................................... 47 3.1.1 Gap 1 – The lack of safety-critical design methods .......................................... 47 3.1.2 Gap 2 – The lack of current understanding ...................................................... 48 3.1.3 Gap 3 – The disconnect between practitioners and researchers .................... 48 3.2 Research aim and questions .................................................................................... 49 4 MAIN RESEARCH APPROACH AND METHODS .................................................................. 51 4.1 Qualitative, real-world research .............................................................................. 51 4.2 Researching design practice ..................................................................................... 51 4.3 Design research models ........................................................................................... 52 4.4 The interaction design research triangle ................................................................. 53 4.5 Research as design practice ..................................................................................... 54 4.6 Field setting .............................................................................................................. 55 4.6.1 Next-generation submarines ............................................................................ 56 4.6.2 Field setting constraints ................................................................................... 57 4.7 Tactics for identifying and selecting methods ......................................................... 58 4.8 Bricolage as a methodological approach ................................................................. 58 4.9 Reflexive sketching and interpretive mapping......................................................... 60 4.10 Beyond the Triangle ................................................................................................. 64 4.10.1 Adding pragmatism to the Triangle.................................................................. 66 4.10.2 Surfacing a bridging theme .............................................................................. 66 4.11 Research limitations ................................................................................................. 69 5 RESEARCH CASES AND MAIN FINDINGS ........................................................................... 71 5.1 The HDMC, design methods for safety-critical systems .......................................... 71 5.2 Journal articles.......................................................................................................... 73 5.2.1 Article 1 ............................................................................................................ 73 3 5.2.2 Article 2 ............................................................................................................ 75 5.2.3 Article 3 ............................................................................................................ 77 5.3 Research findings ..................................................................................................... 79 5.3.1 Managing the synthetic role in practice........................................................... 80 5.3.2 Horizontal loops ............................................................................................... 80 5.3.3 Vertical loops .................................................................................................... 82 5.3.4 Clear and visual communication ...................................................................... 83 5.3.5 Expanding the triangle by removal .................................................................. 83 5.4 Quality of the research ............................................................................................