Food Additives Data Book Food Additives Data Book Edited by Jim Smith and Lily Hong-Shum Blackwell Science © 2003 by Blackwell Science Ltd, First published 2003 by Blackwell Science Ltd a Blackwell Publishing Company Editorial Offices: Library of Congress Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 0EL, UK Cataloging-in-Publication Data Tel: +44 (0)1865 206206 is available Blackwell Science, Inc., 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5018, USA 0-632-06395-5 Tel: +1 781 388 8250 Iowa State Press, a Blackwell Publishing A catalogue record for this title is available Company, 2121 State Avenue, Ames, Iowa from the British Library 50014-8300, USA Tel: +1 515 292 0140 Set in 9 on 11pt Times New RomanPS Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd, SNP Best-set Typesetter Ltd., Hong Kong 550 Swanston Street, Carlton South, http://www.sparks.co.uk Victoria 3053, Australia Printed and bound in Great Britain by Tel: +61 (0)3 9347 0300 TJ International Limited, Padstow Blackwell Wissenschafts Verlag, Kurfürstendamm 57, 10707 Berlin, Germany For further information on Tel: +49 (0)30 32 79 060 Blackwell Science, visit our website: www.blackwell-science.com The right of the Author to be identified as the Author of this Work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. 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Contents List of Contributors xv How to Use This Book xix Part 1 Acidulants 1 Acetic acid 2 Adipic acid 8 Caprylic acid 12 Citric acid 16 Dehydroacetic acid 24 Fumaric acid 28 Glucono-delta-lactone 32 Lactic acid 34 Malic acid 40 Phosphoric acid 44 Propionic acid 56 Sodium diacetate 62 Succinic acid 66 Tartaric acid 70 Part 2 Antioxidants 75 Ascorbic acid and isomers 76 Ascorbyl palmitate 80 Sodium ascorbate 82 Calcium ascorbate 84 Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) 86 Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) 90 Ethoxyquin 94 Propyl gallate (PG) 96 Tert-butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ) 100 Tocopherols, synthetic 104 Beta-carotene 106 Rosemary extract 108 Tea extract 110 Tocopherol, mixed natural concentrate 112 Citric acid 114 Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) 116 L-Tartaric acid 118 vi Part 3 Colourings 121 Alkanet 122 Allura Red AC 126 Aluminium 130 Contents Amaranth 134 Annatto 138 Anthocyanin 142 Beta-apo-8¢-carotenal (C30) 146 Brilliant Blue FCF 150 Brown FK 154 Brown HT 158 Calcium carbonate 162 Canthaxanthin 164 Plain caramel 168 Ammonia caramel 172 Caustic sulphite caramel 176 Sulphite ammonia caramel 180 Beetroot red 184 Carmine 188 Carminic acid 192 Carmoisine 196 Beta-carotene 200 Mixed carotenes 204 Chlorophyll 208 Chlorophyllin 212 Copper chlorophyll 216 Copper chlorophyllin 220 Crocin 224 Curcumin 228 Erythrosine 232 Ethyl ester of beta-apo-8¢-carotenoic acid (C30) 236 Fast Green FCF 240 Gold 244 Green S 248 Indigotine 252 Black iron oxide 256 Red iron oxide 258 Yellow iron oxide 262 Litholrubine BK 266 Monascus 270 Brilliant Black BN 274 Patent Blue V 278 Ponceau 4R 282 Quinoline Yellow 286 Ponceau SX 290 Silver 294 Sunset Yellow 296 Tartrazine 300 Titanium dioxide 304 Red 2G 308 vii Vegetable carbon 312 Safflower 316 Santalin 320 Lutein 324 Lycopene 328 Contents Paprika extract 332 Riboflavin 336 Riboflavin-5¢-phosphate 340 Part 4Emulsifiers 343 Mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids – saturated 344 Mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids – unsaturated 348 Acetic acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids 350 Citric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids 352 Diacetyl tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids 354 Lactic acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids 356 Mixed acetic and tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids 358 Succinic acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids 360 Tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids 362 Ethoxylated mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids 364 Lecithins 366 Polyglycerol esters of fatty acids 368 Polyglycerol polyricinoleate 370 Propylene glycol esters of fatty acids 372 Sodium stearoyl lactylate 374 Calcium stearoyl lactylate 376 Sorbitan esters of fatty acids 378 Polysorbates 380 Sucrose esters of fatty acids 382 Ammonium phosphatides 384 Di-octyl sodium sulphosuccinate 386 Stearyl tartrate 388 Part 5 Enzymes 389 Alpha-amylase 390 Alpha-galactosidase 392 Amyloglucosidase 394 Anthocyanase 396 Beta-amylase 398 Beta-galactosidase 400 Beta-glucanase 402 Beta-glucosidase 404 Bromelain 406 Catalase 408 Cellobiase (Aspergillus niger) 410 Cellulase 412 Chymotrypsin (pancreatic) 414 Dextranase (Penicillium spp.) 416 viii Diacetyl reductase (Aerobacter aerogenes) 418 Ficin (Ficus spp.) 420 Glucoamylase 422 Glucose isomerase 424 Contents Glucose oxidase 426 Hemicellulase (Aspergillus spp.) 428 Inulinase 430 Invertase 432 Lipase 434 Metallo-neutral proteases 436 Microbial rennet 438 Naringinase (Penicillium spp.) 440 Papain (papaya species) 442 Pectinase 444 Penicillin amidase 446 Pepsin (porcine mucosa) 448 Peroxidase (horseradish) 450 Pullulanase 452 Rennet (bovine abomasum) 454 Subtilisin 456 Tannase 458 Trypsin (pancreatic) 460 Xylanase 462 Part 6 Flavour Enhancers 463 Acetic acid 464 Brown algae 468 Red algae 470 Ammoniated glycyrrhizin 472 Esterase-lipase 476 Disodium guanylate 478 Lactic acid 480 Licorice root extract 484 Magnesium sulphate 486 Malic acid 488 Ammonium glutamate 492 Potassium glutamate 494 Monosodium glutamate 496 Potassium chloride 500 Sodium alginate 504 Succinic acid 508 Tannic acid 510 L-Tartaric acid 512 Ethyl maltol 514 Glycine 516 L-Glutamic acid 518 Licorice 520 Licorice extract 522 Magnesium sulphate heptahydrate 524 ix Sucralose 526 Thaumatin 528 Potassium lactate 530 Sodium lactate 532 Contents Part 7 Flour Additives 535 Alpha-amylase 536 Chlorine dioxide 538 Chlorine 540 Glucono-delta-lactone 542 Disodium dihydrogen diphosphate 544 Monopotassium tartrate 546 Hemicellulase 548 Calcium tetrahydrogen diorthophosphate 550 L-Cysteine hydrochloride 552 Sodium hydrogen carbonate 554 Sodium aluminium phosphate, acidic 556 Part 8 Gases 559 Argon 560 Hydrogen 562 Nitrous oxide 564 Ozone 566 Carbon dioxide 568 Nitrogen 570 Part 9 Nutritive Additives 573 DL-a-Tocopherol 574 DL-a-Tocopheryl acetate 576 Pyridoxine 578 Nicotinic acid 580 Pyridoxine hydrochloride 582 Riboflavin 584 Riboflavin-5¢-phosphate sodium salt 586 Thiamin hydrochloride 588 Thiamin mononitrate 590 Calcium-D-pantothenate 592 Natural tocopherols 594 Beta-carotene 596 Phytonadione 598 Pantothenic acid 600 Niacinamide 602 Thiamin 604 L-Ascorbic acid 606 Ascorbyl palmitate 610 Biotin 612 Calcium ascorbate 614 Calcium glycerophosphate 616 x Calcium lactate pentahydrate 618 Calcium carbonate 620 Calcium phosphate dibasic 622 Calcium phosphate tribasic 624 Contents Cholecalciferol 626 Cupric gluconate 628 Cyanocobalamin 630 Ergocalciferol 632 Ferrous fumarate 634 Ferric orthophosphate 636 Ferrous sulphate, anhydrous 638 Folic acid 640 Magnesium carbonate hydroxide 642 Magnesium oxide, heavy 644 Sodium ascorbate 646 Reduced elemental iron 648 Retinyl acetate 650 Retinol 652 Retinyl palmitate 654 Zinc sulphate monohydrate 656 Part 10 Polysaccharides 659 Agar 660 Algin 662 Alginic acid 664 Ammonium alginate 666 Gum arabic 668 Calcium alginate 670 Iota-carrageenan 672 Kappa-carrageenan 676 Lambda-carrageenan 680 Carrageenan 684 Cellulose 688 Chitosan 690 Carboxymethylcellulose 692 Dextran 694 Furcellaran 696 Gellan 698 Gum ghatti 700 Guar gum 702 Hydroxy ethyl cellulose 704 Hydroxy propyl cellulose 706 Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose 708 Karaya gum 710 Locust bean gum 712 Methyl cellulose 714 Methyl ethyl cellulose 716 Microcrystalline cellulose 718 Pectin 720 Propyleneglycol alginate 722 xi Potassium alginate 724 Tragacanth gum 726 Xanthan 728 Contents Part 11 Preservatives 731 Sorbic acid 732 Sodium sorbate 736 Potassium sorbate 740 Calcium sorbate 744 Benzoic acid 748 Sodium benzoate 752 Potassium benzoate 756 Calcium benzoate 758 Ethyl-4-hydroxybenzoate 760 Ethyl-4-hydroxybenzoate, sodium salt 762 Propyl-4-hydroxybenzoate 764 Propyl-4-hydroxybenzoate, sodium salt 766 Methyl para-hydroxybenzoate 768 Methyl-4-hydroxybenzoate, sodium salt 770 Sulphur dioxide 772 Sodium sulphite 774 Sodium bisulphite 776 Sodium metabisulphite 778 Potassium metabisulphite 780 Calcium sulphite 782 Calcium bisulphite 784 Biphenyl 786 2-Hydroxybiphenyl 788 Sodium o-phenylphenate 790 Thiabendazole 792 Nisin 794 Hexamethylenetetramine 796 Potassium nitrite 798 Sodium nitrite 800 Sodium nitrate 802 Potassium nitrate 804 Propionic acid 806 Sodium propionate 808 Calcium propionate 810 Potassium propionate 812 Heptyl paraben 814 Part 12 Sequestrants 817 Calcium acetate 818 Calcium chloride 820 Calcium citrate 822 Calcium gluconate 824 Calcium sulphate 826 Calcium disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate 828 xii Citric acid 830 Disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (disodium EDTA) 834 Disodium pyrophosphate 836 Glucono-delta-lactone 838 Contents Isopropyl citrate 840 Potassium phosphate dibasic 842 Potassium phosphate monobasic 844 Potassium sodium tartrate 846 Manganese citrate 848 Sodium monohydrogen phosphate 2:1:1 850 Sodium polyphosphate 852 Sodium tartrate 854 Oxystearin 856 Phosphoric acid 858 Potassium dihydrogen citrate 860 Part 13 Solvents 861 Acetic acid 862 Acetylated monoglycerides 866 Amyl acetate 868 Benzyl alcohol 870 1,3-Butanediol 872 Castor oil 874 Diethyl tartrate