The LepidopterologicalSocietyLepidopterological Society of Japan ectigk Trans. tepid. Soc. Japan 61 (1): 68-78, May 2010 The relationship between the characteristics of euercus glauca Thunb. Ieaves and the number of feeding larvae Shintaro FuNAKosm Namazu Naigu-cho 1-25, Mizuho, Gifu, 501-0213 Japan Abstract In auercus gtauca which grow where the sun often $hines, the characteristics ef the leaves are different from the leaves of those which grow where the sum hardly shines. Leaves that grow in places where the sun often shines all day are firmer and contain more tannin than leaves in places where the sun hardly shines all day. A 1arge number of individuals and species of moth lar- yae were found on the shade leaves during most seasons. The number ef larvae on the sunny leaves only increased in April, The relationship between leaf characteristics and the number of larvae present is discussed. Key words euercus glauca, leaf characteristics, stiffness, tarmin amount, Iarva] number. Introduction There have been many papers detailing food habit investigations o'f moth 1arvae feeding on plants in the Fagaceae, e.g. euereus agrijiolia Ne6 (Opler, 1974), euere"s cri.vputa Blume (Ybshida, l986), e"ercus acutissima Carruthers, 2uereus variabilis Blume and euercus serrata Thunb, ex. Murray (TEIeramoto, 1996) Fkegus crenata Btume ([[bgashi, 1984) and euere"s dentata Thunb. ex Murray (Kogi, 2001). euere"s glauca is a universally distributed tree, with its highest density in the second- growth fOrest in the Tbkai region of Japan, growing naturally even in the north and inland in the warm-temperate zone. The characteristics of the leaves of evergreen eueicus gtauca are likely to be diiierent in growth areas with di{iering conditions. For this reason. the characteristics of et{ereus glau- ca leayes were investigated, arid the relationship with feeding larvae is discussed. Materials and methods Larvae eating euereus gtauca were collected irom 1999 to 2007 by the method of beating twigs on hilly ground in the southern part of Gifu Prefecture, central region of Japan. The investigation procedure was carried out 124 times. About 30 trees were beaten during each investigation, and numbers of all falling 1arvae and fami]ies were recorded. Most of the lar- vae were collected and taken te the laboratory. Immature larvae of the same species were put in a plastic case (30 mm in diameter, 50 mm in depth), and mature Iarvae were put in a plastic case individually, and were reared on euerc"s glauca leaves. The number of plastic cases using for rearing was 1,116. Emerging individuals were identified and recorded ac- cording to appearance and generation. Some larvae died due to parasitism, pathogenesis, and other factors along the way. Ainong those, individuals which reached the pupal stage were identified to species by observing genitalia with a microscope. The numbers of indi- viduals collected and of species were totalled fbr the mean value for the first and second halves of each month. NII-Electronic Library Service The LepidopterologicalSocietyLepidopterological Society of Japan 69 Characteristics ef euercus glauca ]eaves and the number of feeding larvae zoocesl- g5 seE-eG. i4Et3e:t21 6Dgz 40 ee 3o Apr Mey Jun Jul Aug Sep± Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar o 1 Jan Feb Mer Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Vec U.,D.e'gsgO.7fqSe,6gO.5 sss8 3oats 25;tE2oz15ao5 4 o,4 Apr Mcy Jun Jui Aug Sept Oet Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar gs 2o g, jun Feb Met Apr Mev Jun JuL ing Sept Oat Nov Oec l,,i'2g,5o Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oet Nev Dec Jan Fch NSar Fig. 1. Annual changes in number of individual larvae. Fig. 2. Annual changes in number of spccies of 1arvae. Fig. 3. Annual changes in the stiffhess ef the leaf. Fig. 4. Annual changes Ln the amount ofmoisture. Fig, 5. Annual changes in the amount of tannin. The trees of euere"s gla"ca were divided into three categories according to how much sun- light they received as fbllows (1) sun trees on which the sun often shines all day growing on the outside and the south side of woods, (2) middle trees on which the sun shines fOr several hours each day growing at the edge of or along tracks in the weods and (3) shade trees on `sun which the sun hardly shines at all growing within woods. The expression leayes' refers to leaves of sun trees and similarly with the other categories, mutatis mutandis. The char- acteristics of 30 leaves collected in each category every month were alse examined. The stitthess, amount of moisture, and amount of tannin in each leaf was measured. A needle was dropped on the leaf and the sti'eFriess of the leaf was shown as potential energy by cal- culation of the penetrating depth and needle weight. [['wo-gram sections of leaf were ground down and the chlorephyll removed with dichloromethane, After it had been extract- ed by methanol, it was filtered, The extracted material underwent a chemical reaction using concentrated hyclrochloric acid and a butanol mixture liquid and changed into a red solu- tion. The amount of tannin was shown by the difference of the red level measured with pen- etrating light. The moisture content of the leaf was measured by subtracting the dry weight frem the constant amount of the live weight. Physical and chemical characteristics of these teaves were measured as part of the science education tujtion of hlgh school students during science club activities, NII-Electronic Library Service The LepidopterologicalSocietyLepidopterological Society ofofJapan Japan 70 ShintaroFuNAKesm Tablel The history of life interpretable with the breeding rcsuk Number pf' Genus species individuals CaioptiiiaTovolnya]querci oIoiiOiIOAIA:oiiOiIA:oi oioi-I ie Ceraceranthecosma oi ie I" " OieiAe "rchips .fitscocupreanu,y ieAei"oi Archips nigri(/auelanus PtychoXoma techeana HbmonopsisiJlotana oooio Eudemisbrevisetosa oielie Jb)striahesotus spathanum Ae OAeiie Olethreutesnioderains ieoioiA- (Jet)vhamanoi oieloie PaFapamrr;ene sp. i-i-i- Zeiraphera,fiiivomixtana ooi Strophedi'a sp, Gen. et sp., Acanthop,syche niRrat)ia.oa ooi o toie "d2ihasenaaurea lieo"Ioie tyonetia sp. }'pselopha parentheseUzas' ie."`oiLeiAe:oie 7hecobathraanas DepFessarjairrqgularis Acria ceramMs loie i- Sop,thropiodesleucpsrola oiooi' StyCyropiodes lividuta oie i Rhizo,s'thene,s.firlc(forittis Lecithvlaxa thiodora Iie Brachmia.iaponiceita oii oi-Iie" Fbristenia ussurieila ScopeiocMescentraeta Rhodoneura hyphaema iooiooieo o:oi:oie loie oLe Ae Tbeicbepanact'ocea bfiTerocilix vayrticata oiOA oielo Al,fophila,Ioponenris A:o eL i"oi Maxates protrusa Jbdi,r putata Jbdis urosticta lo oi-oi fibmithea aestivat'ia loi -e Hkmithea tritonaria o oi :i- " ie S(/epuia epiorrhoe oi A i Evirrita viridipumpurescens :Oi i i IA Eupitkecia ciavtfera O Ii iA C:htorociyiis exeisti O IO Ae Lomographa bimacutata 22l62647221 oi lie iieIo Peratostqga deietaria ieooioioo.oiooeoo Cteora leueephae" oi oi Protoboarmia.faust'inata OLoooiooiooo.o :oieie ie :ie lo Alcis angttldeFa :o"" " Rseucierannisamplipennis lo o o :o oi Ioi I6womecis iundera oi oielo oi o loelo oiOL li lo Lbvomecis punctinaiis " oo Paradori,sa chloaugeE loi oieoielo"o i i Efannis htroldu :o oi oi li Phigatiaverecuncinptia :O Oi Oi :A A A PVitemania nitobei Descoreba simplex oiooio Planociampa antipala iLfenophra seniiis Afegabiston plttmo.yai'ia IO:Ok .Biston eobust'us NII-Electronic Library Service The Lepidopterological Society of Japan 71 Characteri stics of euercus glauca 1eaves and the number of feeding larvae ept: ct: ov: ec:an:e : ar ･l : :./ 'i : :/i'l- i i ; ; i 1 1 1 L l l l d l 1 1 1 l l l IO OO IO OO IO OO l l l [ l t l l l l b F l r ] 1 1 E l l l " l t 1 " 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I N I I I I 1 1 1 T d l i l l l l l - 1 1 1 1 1 1 [ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Y l I S I I I I - 1 1 1 1 1 l l l l l loo 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ] 1 1 1 1 1 1 L l 1 1 1 1 t l ooi li ie l l l I l t l l l l ] r l ] d l l 1 1 1 1 1 1 [ l t d l l I l d l l l 1 1 t t l l 1 1 I I I I l l l i l L ] I S I I I 1 1 1 P l l 1 1 ] 1 1 t l d l P l l 1 1 1 P l l i- ooo lo l l : l l l l : l l olo oo I I I I - L I I I I " i 1 1 1 1 1 i L l l l l l 1 1 1 1 1 J i - 1 1 N l 1 1 1 1 1 i l h l l - 1 l l l l l l ] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t l l l l l t l l l l l 1 1 1 1 1 1 t l [ 1 1 1 1 1 [ 1 } 1 1 1 1 1 1 d N l b l i l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t l l l l l l l l 1 1 1 1 1 d - 1 1 1 d l 1 1 1 1 1 L - I l l a l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 l i l l l b ol l l l : l 1 1 1 ] t l oi oieoi loieoie A:i i i:L i ilL i i:i i ili i i 1 1 1 1 1 1 l b l l l l 1 1 1 1 1 1 t b l l l l O IOi Oi- l O tOA O O IO O O :O Oi Oi lOi OiL O" l t S l i l l o Io oo lo oo lo oo :o oo lo oo iii li ii Ii Ail OO IO OO :O OO IO OO I S I L I I 1 1 " 1 1 1 l l l l i l 1 1 1 L l l OieOitOielOieOieOi lOi i i li i i :i L i li i i :i i i I E I I I I 1 [ 1 1 1 1 l b ny ny 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 lo oo lo oo lo oo lo oo lo l 1 1 b " 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ] 1 1 1 1 1 iiA IA ii li ii lie ie l l l L l l l l l iii Ii ii li ii li AA li -i li ii li i ie 1 1 [ l l l 1 1 I b - L 1 1 1 1 d [ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t l l 1 1 ] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 l o lo oo :o oo :o oo lo oo :o o oi 1 1 1 1 1 I b b l l l i 1 1 1 1 1 1 "ie l l l : olo oo :o oo 1 ] 1 1 1 1 [ l IOO IO OO IO OO IO OO [ l r l l l 1 1 [ l t l a l l l l l oi oieie l" i l oo io oo :o oo io oo 1 1 1 " b l iii ii ii ii ii ii iiMiA ik Ai-ii 1 1 [ 1 - b l I I loo :o oo lo oo l t b b l l iii li ii lie ie l : : l 1 : 1 1 1 1 i IL A li ii IA ii li ii :i ii li ii :i ii 1 1 1 1 1 - l t l l l l 1 : " 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 l l l t l l 1 1 1 1 1 1 [ ] L I L b : I I ] f l E l t l : ] ooi iel l l l l ] 1 1 1 1 1 1 iii li ii li ie iel I : l loo [o ool I