9781405148573_1_pre.qxd 5/13/10 16:07 Page i Cardiovascular Critical Care Cardiovascular Critical Care Edited by Mark J.D. Griffiths, Jeremy J. Cordingley and Susanna Price © 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. ISBN: 978-1-405-14857-3 9781405148573_1_pre.qxd 5/13/10 16:07 Page iii To our teachers and colleagues, many of whom are contributors to this book. 9781405148573_1_pre.qxd 5/13/10 16:07 Page v Cardiovascular Critical Care EDITED BY Mark J.D. Griffiths MRCP PhD EDICM BDICM Consultant in Intensive Care Medicine Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation Trust London, UK Jeremy J. Cordingley MRCP FRCA EDICM Consultant in Intensive Care Medicine and Anaesthesia Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation Trust London, UK Susanna Price MRCP PhD EDICM FESC Consultant in Intensive Care Medicine and Cardiology Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation Trust London, UK A John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication 9781405148573_1_pre.qxd 5/13/10 16:07 Page vi This edition first published 2010, © 2010 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd BMJ Books is an imprint of BMJ Publishing Group Limited, used under licence by Blackwell Publishing which was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell’s publishing programme has been merged with Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell. 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No warranty may be created or extended by any promotional statements for this work. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for any damages arising herefrom. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Cardiovascular critical care / edited by Mark J.D. Griffiths...[et al.]. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-4051-4857-3 1. Cardiac intensive care. I. Griffiths, M. J. D. [DNLM: 1. Cardiovascular Diseases. 2. Critical Care. WG 120 C26716 2010] RC684.C36C377 2010 616.1′2028 – dc22 2009029876 ISBN: 978-1-4051-4857-3 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Set in 9.25/11.5pt Minion by Graphicraft Limited, Hong Kong Printed in Singapore 1 2010 9781405148573_1_pre.qxd 5/13/10 16:07 Page vii Contents Contributors, ix Introduction, xiii Chapter 1 Shock, 1 Marius Terblanche and Nicole Assmann Chapter 2 Resuscitation in Intensive Care, 22 David A. Zideman Chapter 3 Cardiovascular Monitoring in Critical Care, 42 Michael R. Pinsky Chapter 4 Cardiovascular Investigation of the Critically Ill, 62 Susanna Price and Jeremy J. Cordingley Chapter 5 Haematological Aspects of Cardiovascular Critical Care, 83 Kanchan Rege and Mark J.D. Griffiths Chapter 6 Cardiovascular Support: Pharmacological, 100 Joseph E. Arrowsmith and Florian Falter Chapter 7 Arrhythmias, 120 Hugh Montgomery and Vivek Sivaraman Chapter 8 Mechanical Heart Failure Therapy, 139 Richard Trimlett Chapter 9 Care of the High Risk Patient Undergoing Surgery, 154 Justin Woods and Andrew Rhodes Chapter 10 Adult Congenital Heart Disease: Principles of Management in Critical Care, 167 Susanna Price and Brian Keogh Chapter 11 Common Complications of Cardiovascular Critical Illness, 193 Simon J. Finney and Mark J.D. Griffiths Chapter 12 Haemodynamic Management of Severe Sepsis, 218 Jean-Louis Vincent Chapter 13 Acute Coronary Syndromes and Myocardial Infarction, 234 Alex Hobson and Nick Curzen vii 9781405148573_1_pre.qxd 5/13/10 16:07 Page viii viii Contents Chapter 14 Cardiogenic Shock, 256 Divaka Perera and Gerald S. Carr-White Chapter 15 Peri-operative Care of the Heart Transplant Recipient, 279 Keith McNeil and John Dunning Chapter 16 Adult Congenital Heart Disease Syndromes, 290 Antonia Pijuan Domènech, Katerina Chamaidi and Michael A. Gatzoulis Chapter 17 Management of Arrhythmias in Adults with Congenital Heart Disease, 303 Barbara J. Deal Chapter 18 Mitral Valve Disease, 315 Susanna Price and Derek Gibson Chapter 19 Aortic Valve Disease, 329 Susanna Price and Derek Gibson Chapter 20 Infective Endocarditis, 347 David Hunter and John Pepper Chapter 21 Pulmonary Hypertension and Right Ventricular Failure, 367 Alain Vuylsteke Chapter 22 Aortic Dissection, 383 Maninder S. Kalkat, Vamsidhar B. Dronavalli, David Alexander and Robert S. Bonser Chapter 23 Emergency Management of Cardiac Trauma, 401 James Napier and Mark Messent Chapter 24 Hypertensive Crises, 413 Liao Pinhu and Mark J.D. Griffiths Chapter 25 Pregnancy, 424 Lorna Swan Chapter 26 Vasculitis, 434 Lorna Swan Chapter 27 Endocrine Problems and Cardiovascular Critical Care, 442 Phil Marino and Susanna Price Chapter 28 Haemodynamic Monitoring and Therapy: A Personal History 1961–1994, 454 Ronald Bradley Index, 465 The colour plate section can be found facing p. 82 9781405148573_1_pre.qxd 5/13/10 16:07 Page ix Contributors David Alexander MBChB, FRCA Consultant Anaesthetist, Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK Joseph E. Arrowsmith MB BS, MD, FRCP, FRCA, FHEA Consultant in Cardiothoracic Anaesthesia & Intensive Care, Papworth Hospital, Cambridge, UK Nicole Assmann MD, FRCA Consultant Anaesthetist, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK Robert S. Bonser MD, FRCP (Lon), FRCS (Eng), FRCS (C/Th), FESC Consultant Cardiothoracic Surgeon, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Trust, Birmigham, UK Ronald Bradley FRCP Emeritus Professor, Intensive Care Medicine, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, UK Gerald S. Carr-White MD Department of Cardiology, Guys’ and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK Katerina Chamaidi MD Adult Congenital Heart Centre and Centre for Pulmonary Hypertension, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK and General Hospital of Trikala, Greece Nick Curzen PhD, FRCP, FESC Wessex Cardiac Unit, Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust, Southampton, UK and Southampton University Medical School, Southampton, UK Barbara J. Deal MD M.E. Wodika Professor of Cardiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Children’s Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA Antonia Pijuan Domènech MD Adult Congenital Heart Centre and Centre for Pulmonary Hypertension, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK and Adult Congenital Heart Disease Unit, Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain, UK ix 9781405148573_1_pre.qxd 5/13/10 16:07 Page x x Contributors Vamsidhar B. Dronavalli MRCS (Edin) Research Fellow Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery,