Chalcogenide Glasses for Infrared Applications: New Synthesis Routes and Rare Earth Doping Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Hubert, Mathieu Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 27/09/2021 06:13:56 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/223357 CHALCOGENIDE GLASSES FOR INFRARED APPLICATIONS: NEW SYNTHESIS ROUTES AND RARE EARTH DOPING By Mathieu Hubert __________________________________ A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2012 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Mathieu Hubert entitled Chalcogenide glasses for infrared applications: new synthesis routes and rare earth doping and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 03/30/2012 Pierre Lucas _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 03/30/2012 B.G. Potter _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 03/30/2012 Donald Uhlmann _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 03/30/2012 Laurent Calvez _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 03/30/2012 Bruno Bureau Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate‟s submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. ________________________________________________ Date: 03/30/2012 Dissertation Director: Pierre Lucas 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: Mathieu Hubert 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First, I would like to sincerely thank my advisors Pierre Lucas, Laurent Calvez and Xiang-Hua Zhang for their guidance, support, advices, and for giving me the opportunity to participate in this joint PhD program between the University of Arizona and the University of Rennes. It was a great honor for me to work under their supervision and to learn from them. I would like to thank Pr. Bruno Bureau, Pr. B.G. Potter and Dr. D.R. Uhlmann for accepting to serve on my defense committee, and for the numerous advices they gave me during this PhD work. Thanks to Pr. Jacques Lucas, the first person to introduce me to the world of chalcogenide glasses, for his support and the many instructive conversations we had. I want to acknowledge the people who helped me during this research work: J. Le Lannic, I. Perron and F. Gouttefangeas for imaging analyses, G. Delaizir for SPS experiments, J. Rocherullé and O. Merdrignac for their help with HUP and F. Tessier for surface area measures and XRD. Since I spent time on both sides of the Atlantic, either at the Arizona Materials Lab in Tucson or at the “Labo Verres et Céramiques” in Rennes, there are so many people I would like to thank. Thanks to everyone at LVC, who make this place so pleasant: Catherine (tata Kate!), Johann, Laurent(s), Virginie, Didier, Corinne, Jean-Luc, Aline… I would especially like to thank Thierry Pain, for all the amazing work he does with glass and his constant kindness and Thierry Jouan, with who I shared more than just an office. Also, thanks to all the other students with whom I shared a lot (and enjoyed doing it!) during the past few years: Mathieu R., Marie-Laure, Mélinda, Quentin, Clément, Céline, Fred, Patou, Perrine, and many more…. And good luck to Elena for her PhD! I would also like to thank the people who helped me in Tucson. First, thanks to Zhiyong, for his help during my first days at the lab. Thanks to Ozgur, for his help, his kindness and the good times we had at work or having a beer after work! Thanks to Elsa, who takes so much care of students and helped me so much. Thanks to my fellow wildcats and classmates Tony, Vijay, Fei, Dom, Mariah, Mark, Stefan, Scott, Dustin, Adam, Melia, David… and I can‟t forget to mention Lance (“all PhD students are stupid”). Thank you for your help and your patience with me. I especially want to thank Piya, my guide in Tucson, who contributed a lot in making my stay in Arizona so pleasant by helping me discover the city, the American life and many other things (Starbucks…). It was also a pleasure working with you. I would like to thank my parents for their support. Finally, thanks to all my friends: Lolo, Mali, Mou, Fatoche (“mes poules”), David, Morsail, Nogué, Jean-Louis, Billy, Nath, Carine, Annabool, Fofy, Lucy, Ninick, Pel, Lulu, Toto, 2.16, Mary, Shouk, Manos, Popo, ……………………….…………………………….………. (You can fill in the blank). 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................... 13 LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................... 18 ABSTRACT .................................................................................................. 19 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .............................................................. 21 CHAPTER 2: THERMAL IMAGING ...................................................... 25 2.1. Introduction ................................................................................................ 25 2.1.1. Development of thermal imaging ..................................................................... 25 2.1.2. Applications ...................................................................................................... 27 2.2. The principles of thermal imaging ........................................................... 30 2.2.1. The Infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum ...................................... 30 2.2.2. Thermal radiations ............................................................................................ 31 2.2.3. Laws of thermal radiation ................................................................................. 32 2.2.3.1. Black bodies and Planck‟s law .................................................................. 32 2.2.3.2. Wien‟s displacement law ........................................................................... 33 2.2.3.3. Stefan-Boltzmann law ................................................................................ 35 2.2.3.4. Real bodies and emissivity......................................................................... 35 2.2.4. Atmospheric transmission ................................................................................ 37 2.3. Thermal imagers and their component parts .......................................... 38 2.3.1. A basic thermal imager ..................................................................................... 38 2.3.2. Detection systems ............................................................................................. 39 2.3.2.1. Thermal detectors....................................................................................... 40 2.3.2.2. Quantum detectors ..................................................................................... 41 2.3.3. Image-forming optical systems ........................................................................ 42 2.3.3.1. Important factors to consider ..................................................................... 42 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued 2.3.3.2. Reflectivity and anti-reflection coatings .................................................... 43 2.3.3.3. Variations of the refractive index with wavelength and temperature ........ 44 2.4. Materials for thermal imager optical systems ......................................... 46 2.4.1. The ideal material ............................................................................................. 46 2.4.2. Materials for the mid-infrared (3-5 µm band) .................................................. 48 2.4.2.1. Silicon (Si) ................................................................................................. 48 2.4.2.2. Oxides and oxynitrides .............................................................................. 48 2.4.2.3. Fluorides .................................................................................................... 49 2.4.2.4. Hot pressed ceramics (Irtran) ....................................................................