UNIVERSITATEA NAȚIONALĂ DE APĂRARE „CAROL I” Centrul de studii strategice de apărare și securitate Col. lect. univ. dr. Dan-Lucian PETRESCU CS III Crăișor-Constantin IONIȚĂ STRATEGIA DE DEZVOLTARE A CAPABILITĂȚILOR ARMATEI ROMÂNIEI – 2040 STUDIU DE SPECIALITATE EDITURA UNIVERSITĂȚII NAȚIONALE DE APĂRARE „CAROL I” BUCUREȘTI, 2020 Coperta: Andreea Girtonea Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naţionale a României PETRESCU, DAN-LUCIAN Strategia de dezvoltare a capabilităților Armatei României : 2040 : studiu de specialitate / col. lect. univ. dr. Dan-Lucian Petrescu, CS III Crăișor-Constantin Ioniță. - Bucureşti : Editura Universităţii Naţionale de Apărare "Carol I", 2020 Conține bibliografie ISBN 978-606-660-437-6 I. Ioniță, Crăișor-Constantin 355 © Copyright©2021 Toate drepturile asupra prezentei ediții sunt rezervate Universității Na005ționale de Apărare „Carol I” Responsabilitatea pentru conţinutul prezentei ediţii revine în totalitate autorilor. Lucrarea face parte din Planul de cercetare științifică al Universității Naționale de Apărare „Carol I” și este distribuită conform reglementărilor în vigoare. Lucrarea a fost analizată şi avizată în ședința Consiliului Științific al CSSAS, fiind necesară procesului de învăţământ din Universitatea Naţională de Apărare „Carol I”. Hotărârea Comisia Metodico-Administrative al CSSAS nr. 20 din data de 17.12.2020. ISBN 978-606-660-437-6 (print) ISBN 978-606-660-438-3 (online) 2 CUPRINS The Defence Capabilities Development Strategy – 2040 Romanian Armed Forces – ....................................................... 5 INTRODUCERE ................................................................................... 9 CAPITOLUL 1 CAPABILITĂȚI DE APĂRARE .............................................. 15 1.1. Prevederi conceptuale ..................................................................... 15 1.2. Capacități și capabilități de apărare .............................................. 20 1.3. Tipuri de capabilități de apărare .................................................... 24 1.4. Capabilități de apărare dezvoltate în cadrul NATO, UE și la nivel național ......................................................................... 27 CAPITOLUL 2 PROCESUL DE PLANIFICARE A APĂRĂRII ...................... 63 2.1. Procesul de planificare a apărării desfășurat la nivelul NATO ............................................................................... 63 2.2. Procesul de planificare a apărării desfășurat la nivelul UE.................................................................................... 77 2.3. Procesul de planificare a apărării desfășurat la nivel național ............................................................................. 114 CAPITOLUL 3 COORDONATE PRIVIND STRATEGIA DE DEZVOLTARE A CAPABILITĂȚILOR DE APĂRARE ............................................................................. 169 3.1. Abordări ale strategiei de dezvoltare a capabilităților de apărare ..................................................................................... 170 3.2. Aspecte fundamentale privind configurarea strategiei de dezvoltare a capabilităților Armatei României – 2040 ............ 181 3.3. Propuneri privind adoptarea procesului național de planificare a apărării ............................................................... 198 CAPITOLUL 4 INDUSTRIA DE APĂRARE ..................................................... 215 4.1. Principalii actori la nivel global ................................................... 216 4.2. Industria de apărare europeană .................................................... 233 4.3. Industria de apărare românească ................................................. 241 3 CONCLUZII ........................................................................................ 249 BIBLIOGRAFIE ................................................................................. 257 ANEXE ................................................................................................. 267 4 The Defence Capabilities Development Strategy – 2040 Romanian Armed Forces – Argument ■ Defence capabilities ▪ Conceptual provisions ▪ Types ▪ Defence capabilities developed by NATO, EU and ROU ■ The Defence Planning Process ▪ The Defence Planning Process whithin the framework of NATO, EU and ROU ■ Keystones for Defence Capabilities Development Strategy ▪ Different approaches ▪ Fundamental elements in configuring the Defence Capabilities Development Strategy – 2040 Roumanian Armed Forces ▪ Adapting the National Defence Planning Process ■ Defence industry ▪ Global, European and Romanian defence industry ■ Conclusions ■ Bibliography Abstract: The contemporary security environment is becoming more and more complex and the present and future threats and risks embrace increasingly diverse forms, including unconventional and hybrid. In this context, the formulation of articulated and sound strategies to be implemented in defence and security efforts becomes, more than ever, imperative. In the present paper, we start from the consideration that national defence, as well as the whole process of defence planning, as an integral part, must emerge from the state’s supreme values, standing for the central element of the values-interests-objectives triad. Protecting and promoting them is the ultimate argument for developing the consistent forces and capabilities that allow us to respond to any potential aggressor, regardless of its size and strength, in a way that makes an aggression against us too costly to try. The development of such means is based on the premise that, in order to be effective, we must be aware that the foundation of the 5 Romanian Armed Forces must be built on knowledge, adaptation and innovation, the whole approach centering on the development of modern and robust defence capabilities as its capstone element. These must be adapted to contemporary security threats, relying on highly educated and trained personnel, on building resilience and a security culture focused on knowledge, innovation and high technology. In this context, building and implementing an efficient and coherent Defence Capabilities Development Strategy (DCDS), embedded into this paradigm, becomes a necessity. The paper meets the requirements of supporting this process as it is unfolding, providing for military decision makers a medium and long-term analysis on developing and implementing a DCDS for the Romanian Armed Forces. In order to have a structured approach, the paper comprises four chapters, each of them addressing different but connected objectives, so as to contribute to the reasoned development of the central goal, represented by a set of elements related to the configuration of an optimal strategy for developing defence capabilities, accompanied by several measures to adapt the National Defence Planning Process for its successful implementation. The first chapter addresses the concept of defence capabilities, in order to present the authors’ understanding of its definition according to the official documents, the development directions of their elements and the taxonomy of defence capabilities, in terms of organization, employment and effects. The chapter also includes open source details on defence capabilities developed within NATO and the EU, as well as the national defence capability types. The authors also emphasize that the national set of capabilities must reach such a level of effectiveness and interoperability that allows reaching the military Level of Ambition, thus contributing to the achievement of national defence, as well as of collective and/or common defence, within the framework of NATO and/or EU. In the second chapter, the paper exhaustively describes those activities that take place for defence planning, a process whose central element is the development of defence capabilities. The 6 processes carried out within NATO and EU are presented, pointing out their evolution, guiding strategic documents, main bodies and structures with related responsibilities, as well as the phases that they go through. Also, The National Defence Planning Process is presented in a systemic approach in order to ensure the framework in which DCDS must be developed and implemented. The third chapter represents the main body of the paper and includes coordinates on building and implementing the optimal DCDS in the Romanian Armed Forces. Based on the comparison between the threat-based approach, the resource-based approach (defence budget) and the technological development approach, the paper proposes the optimum, that should be considered in developing the Strategy, namely the threat-based approach, introducing limitations dictated by the resources and the opportunities offered by technological development. The authors stressed the essential aspects of DCDS development/ adaptation within the national framework, following the basic elements configured by the Means-Ends-Ways (MEW) triad, depending on the characteristics and opportunities of the security environment. Its development justifies the threat-based, capability-informed (oriented) approach in framing the strategy within the national defence planning process and, implicitly, the implementation of the DCDS. Finally, some measures for adapting the national defence planning process are presented, such as: revision and adaptation of the legal framework – the very foundation the whole defence planning process is based on; the correlation of the specific regulatory framework – coherence and continuity for the content of defence planning documents