DISEASES IN ANTIQUITY A Survey of the Diseases, lnjuries and Surgery ~Y of Early Populations Compilecl and Edited by DON BROTHWELL British Musewn (Natural History) l ondon, England anel A. T. S A N D I S O N Pathology Department University of Glasgow W cstern lnfìrmary Glasgow, Scotland With a Foreworcl by W A R R E N R. O A W S O N CHARLES C THOMAS • PUBLISHER Springfield • Illinois • U.S.A. Contents Page FoREWORD-Warren R. Dawson .. ... .. .... .... .... .. ... ...... ... .... ............ ... .. .. .. .... .. .. vii EDITORIAL PROLEGOMEXON: THE PRESENT AND FUTURE .............................. xi EDITORIAL A CKNOWLEDGMENTS ···········-------······················································ XV SECTION I INTRODUCTORY STUDIES Chapter l. PsEUDOPATIIOLOGY- Calvin Wells .................................................................. 5 2. CALCINOSIS lNTERVERTEBRALIS, WITH S PECIAL REFERENCE TO SIMILAR CHANCES FouNn IN MuMMIES OF A NCIE.t'IT EcYPTIANs- P . H. K. Gray ················-- ···············---········································································ 20 3. GENERAL CoNSIDERATIONS OF THE EvmENCES OF PATHOLOGICAL CoN- DITIOKS Fomrn Ai\IO!\"C F ossIL ANTh'l ALS-R oy L. Moodie .............. 31 4. NOTES ON DISEASES AND HEALED FRACTURES OF vVILD APEs- Adolph H . 0 Schult;::; •.••.•.••......•••••••••...••.. .••••••••.....•.......•.•.....•.......•••••••••.•....•. ... .•••••• ••••.....• 47 5. THE B10-CULTURAL BACKGROUND TO D1SEASE-Don Brothtvell --····----··------ 56 6. HEALTH At"'D DISEASE IN CoNTEMPORARY PRIMITIVE SocmTIES-lvan V . Polunin ·····-····················--···································-················-······················· 69 7. TRE EcYPTIAN MEDICAL PAPYRr-Warren R. Dawson ................................ 98 SECTION Il CONTRIBUTIONS TO PARASITOLOGY 8. THE ANTIQUITY OF DrsEASEs CAUSED BY BACTERL.\ AXD VmusEs, A REv IEw OF TIIE PROBLE).I FRO).II A BACTERIOLOc1sT's POINT OF Vrnw-Ronald Hare ····· -- ············-- ·- ··················--- ·-···· ···· ···························· 115 9. TRYPANOSO~IIASis IN PREHISTORIC AND LATER H u)..IAN PoPULATION:>, A TENTATI\'E lù:cO)l"STRTJ CTIOK- Frank L. Lambrecht .......................... 13:! 10. THE Hm.·IAN TREPON.EMATOsEs-C. J. Hackett -----·················-·---·············---· 152. 0 11. T HE PREVALENCE OF MALARIA IN ANCIENT GREECE- W . H. S. Jones . ••••• 170 12. NoTE ON THE PRESENCE OF " BILHARZIA H AE::-.IATOBIA" IN EcYPTIAN Mu"Mi\IIES OF TRE TWENTIETH DYNASTY ( 1250-1000 n.c. )-Mare 0 . Armancl Ruffer • ...••••.•....•..•••.......... ..........•...........•.•.•..••...•. ...••.•••.........•.• 177 13. PARAsrnc DrsEAsEs-A. T. Sandison .. .......................................................... 178 14. THE REcovERY OF PARASITE Eccs rno111 ANCIE)l"T CESSPIT A1'""D LATRINE D EPOSITS: AN APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF EARLY p ARASITE l NFEC- TIONS-A. W. Pike ···· -· ··-- -········································································· 184 xvii xviii Diseases in Antiquity Contents xix SECTION lii SECTION V GEOGRAPHIC STUO IES SOMATIC OISEASE <REGIONAL ANO SYSTEMICJ Chapter Page Chapter Page 36. DISEASES OF THE SKI:-<-A. T. Sanclison .......................................................... 449 15. 0RCA.."<IC DISEASES OF A NCIENT MESOPOTA:-VllA-J. V . Kianier 'Vilson ...... 191 37. DrsEASES OF THE EYES-A. T. Sandison ........................................................ 457 16. DISEASES IN THE BrnLE AND TIIE TALMUD-Max Sussman ·············-············ :209 38. DISEASES IN THE EAR REcroN-William i\.IcKen::.ie and Don Brothwell .. 464 17. R ECORDS OF DrsEASES IN ANCJENT CHINA-Lu Gwei-D;en and Joseph 39. DEGENERATIVE VASCULAR D1sEASE-A. T. Sanclison .................................... 474 N eedha11i ····················-·························--···················································· 222. 40. RESPIBATORY DISEASE r:-< EcYPT-J. Thompson Rowling ............................ 489 18. DISEASE IN ANTIQUrTY: A NC!ENT GREECE AND RoME- Adam Patrick .. .. 238 41. DISEASE OF THE ALIMENTARY SYSTE:-..r IN EcYPT-J. Thompson Rowling 494 42. DrsEASES OF THE HEPnooucrrvE SYSTE~f-A. T . Sandison ancl Calvin SECTION IV W ells ........................................................ .... .............................................. 498 SOMATIC OISEASES <INOIVIOUAL) 43. ENDOCRINE DrsEAsEs-A. T. Sandison and Calvin W ells ............................ 521 44. UROLOGY IN EGYPT-J. Thompson Rowling ................................................ 532 19. T uBERCULOsis-Dan Morse .. .......................................................................... 249 45. PALAEOSTOMATOLOGY-H . Brabant .............. .... .............................................. 538 20. PARAPLEGIA-]. Thompson Rowling .............................................................. 27'.2 46. THE P ATHOLOGY OF THE JAws Al\"D THE TDIPOR01'.!A."<DIBULAR J orxT-V. 21. SYPHILIS-C. W . Goff ...................................................................................... 279 Alexandersen ·········································-···················································· 551 22. EviDE)ICE oF LEPROSY IN EARLIER PEOPLEs- Vilhelm M~ller-Christensen 295 23. EvIDENCE ON THE PALAEOPATHOLOCY OF YAws-T. D. Stewart and SECTION VI 0 Alexander Spoehr ...........•••.•.•..•..... ..•.•••••.....•........••.••.••..•.............•.......... 307 ACCIOENTAL TRAUMA ANO SURGICAL INTERVENTION 24. THE EvmENCE FOR NEOPLASMs- Don Brothwell ........................................ 320 47. TRAUMA AND DrsEASE OF THE PosT-CRANIAL SKELETON IN ANCIENT 25. AN ERUPTION RESEMBLING TH.AT OF V ARIOLA IN TI~E SKI:-< OF A MuMMY EcYPT-Philip Salib .................................................................................. 599 OF THE TWENTIETH D Y~ASTY ( 1200-1100 B.C. )- Mare Armand 48. CRANIAL lNJURlES I :-< PREHISTORIC MAN- Cyril B. Courville .................... 606 Ruffer and A. R. F erguson ° ......................................................... ......... 346 49. THE EvmENCE FOR l NJURIES TO THE ]Aws-V. Alexandersen .................... 62..1 26. EvmENCE OF ENDEMIC CALCULI IN AN EARLY COMMUNITY-Don Broth- 50. THE 0 STEOLOGICAL CONSEQUEKCES OF ScAL Pl.J.'\G-H. Hamperl ................ 630 well .............................................................................................................. 349 0 51. PRIMITIVE SURGERY-Erwin H. Ackerk.necht .....................•......••••...•....•.••.. 635 27. A REvrnw OF TRE PALAEOPATHOLOGY OF THE ARTHRITIC DrsEASES-J. B. 52. PREHISTomc A>'\' o EARLY Hrs To nrc TREPA.i'IATION-F. P. Lisowski ............ 651 Bourke ........................................................................................................ 352 53. TREPAN ATION OF THE Sk'ULL BY THE ~v1 EDICIXE - ~IE:-< OF PRnnTIVE CUL­ 28. OSTEITI$ FIBROSA IX A SKELETON OF A PREHJSTORIC AMERICA-"< l:-\DIA.."l"- TURES, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO PRESEXT-OAY TATIVE EAST H enri Stearns Denninger" ...................................................................... 371 AFRICAN PRACTICE- Edu;ard L. Margetts ............................................ 673 2.9. PoRonc HYPEROSTosrs OR OsTEOPOROs 1s Snr:METRICA- J . Lawrence 54. REPUTED EARLY EGYPTIA:-< D ENTAL 0PERATIOK, AN APPRAISAL- F. Filce Angel ............................................................................................................ 378 L eek ·················-··································· ...................................................... 702 30. A NEW APPROACH TO PALAEOPATIIOLOGY: HARRis's LrNEs-Calvin W ells 390 31. THIN NINC oF THE PARIETAL BoNEs IN EARLY EcYPTIAN PoPULATIONs SECTION VII AND lTS AETIOLOGY I N THE LIGHT OF .MODERN 0BSERVATIONS- MENTAL ABNORMALITY Thomas Lodge ................................................................................ .......... 405 55. .MENTAL D1sORDER IN ANTIQUITY-Gerald C. Moss .................................... 709 32. BIPARIETAL THINKING IN EARLY BRITAIN-Don Brothwell .... .... ............... 413 56. .MENTAL D 1SEASES OF ANCIENT MESOPOTAl\IIA-J. V. Kinnier Wilson ...... 723 33. HISTORICAL NOTES OK SOME VITA:\nN DEFICIDICY DrsEASES IN CmNA- 57. SEXUAL BEHAvroUR IN Axc mxT Soc IETIEs- A. T . Sandison ...................... 734 0 T'ao Lee • . ••........••••...........•••• •.......... ......••.•.•.. • ..•••• •••...•.•••••••..••............. ... 417 Index ........................................................................................ ............................ 757 34. MAJOR CONGENITAL ANO~lALIES OF THE SKELETON: EVIDE1'CE FROl\1 EARLIER PoPULATIONs- Don Brotlw;ell ................................................ 423 35. H ER:-<L\ 1:-< E cYPT- J. Thompson Rowling .................................................... 444 *Contributions marked with an asterisk are in our opinion some of the "classics" in the field of palaeopathology (Eds). Cranial In;uries in Prehistoric Man 607 situateci almost on the mid-line a little behind the vertex, mainly on the right si<le and affecting the sagittal margin of the left Chapter 48 parietal bone . the inner table is broken around an oval line and projects into tbe cavity." The injury in this case was presumed Cranial lnjuries in Prehistoric Man by Weidenreich to be by an edged weapon. In Skull XI, that of a female individuai, CYRIL B. COURVILLE which is also represented by the major portion of the calvarium, evidence indicative of a double injury was found. "The left [parietal] bone exhibits a typically semicircular, de­ SEARCH through the literature on skull per se does not give any information pressed fracture