Tribunal Pénal International pour le Rwanda International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda UNITED NATIONS NATIONS UNIES IN THE APPEALS CHAMBER Before: Judge Theodor Meron, Presiding Judge Liu Daqun Judge Carmel Agius Judge Khalida Rachid Khan Judge Bakhtiyar Tuzmukhamedov Registrar: Mr. Bongani Majola Judgement of: 11 February 2014 AUGUSTIN NDINDILIYIMANA FRANÇOIS-XAVIER NZUWONEMEYE INNOCENT SAGAHUTU v. THE PROSECUTOR PUBLIC AND REDACTED Case No. ICTR-00-56-A ________________________________________________________________________________ JUDGEMENT ________________________________________________________________________________ Counsel for Augustin Ndindiliyimana: The Office of the Prosecutor : Mr. Christopher Black Mr. Hassan Bubacar Jallow Mr. Vincent Lurquin Mr. James J. Arguin Mr. Abdoulaye Seye Counsel for François-Xavier Nzuwonemeye: Mr. Abubacarr Tambadou Mr. Charles A. Taku Ms. Thembile M. Segoete Ms. Beth S. Lyons Ms. Florida Kabasinga Mr. Takeh Sendze Counsel for Innocent Sagahutu: Ms. Christiana Fomenky Mr. Fabien Segatwa Ms. Sunkarie Ballah-Conteh Mr. Scott Martin Ms. Betty Mbabazi Mr. Wayne Jordash Mr. Deo Mbuto CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................1 A. BACKGROUND ..............................................................................................................................1 B. THE APPEALS ...............................................................................................................................2 II. STANDARDS OF APPELLATE REVIEW...............................................................................4 III. APPEAL OF AUGUSTIN NDINDILIYIMANA .....................................................................6 A. ALLEGED VIOLATIONS OF FAIR TRIAL RIGHTS (G ROUNDS 11 AND 12)........................................6 1. Rule 68 of the Rules.................................................................................................................6 2. Tribunal’s Decisions and Alleged Prosecutorial Misconduct..................................................9 3. Undue Delay ..........................................................................................................................14 4. Conclusion .............................................................................................................................16 B. KANSI PARISH (G ROUNDS 1 TO 8, IN PART ) ................................................................................17 C. SAINT ANDRÉ COLLEGE (G ROUNDS 1 TO 8, IN PART ) .................................................................24 D. CUMULATIVE CONVICTIONS (G ROUND 9) ..................................................................................29 E. CONVICTION UNDER COUNT 4 OF THE INDICTMENT (G ROUND 10) .............................................30 IV. APPEALS OF FRANÇOIS-XAVIER NZUWONEMEYE AND INNOCENT SAGAHUTU ..............................................................................................................................31 A. ALLEGED VIOLATIONS OF FAIR TRIAL RIGHTS (N ZUWONEMEYE GROUNDS 1 AND 5, IN PART ) .31 1. Right to Counsel and Right to Cross-Examination................................................................31 2. Failure to Certify Trial Decisions for Appellate Review.......................................................35 3. Rule 68 of the Rules...............................................................................................................36 (a) Failure to Grant Remedy ........................................................................................................ 40 (b) Failure to Implement Remedy................................................................................................ 41 (c) Disparate Treatment ............................................................................................................... 45 (d) Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 45 4. Judicial Notice .......................................................................................................................45 5. Rules 82(A) and 87(B) of the Rules ......................................................................................47 6. Conclusion .............................................................................................................................51 B. NOTICE (N ZUWONEMEYE GROUND 1 IN PART ; SAGAHUTU GROUNDS 1, AND 3 AND 8, IN PART ) 52 1. Cumulative Pleading of Forms of Responsibility..................................................................52 2. Killing of the Prime Minister.................................................................................................54 (a) Murder as a Crime Against Humanity ................................................................................... 54 (b) Murder as a Serious Violation of Article 3 Common to the Geneva Conventions and of Additional Protocol II ........................................................................................................... 56 (c) Conspiracy to Commit Genocide ........................................................................................... 57 (d) Ordering and Aiding and Abetting......................................................................................... 57 (i) Ordering (Nzuwonemeye) .................................................................................................. 60 (ii) Ordering (Sagahutu) .......................................................................................................... 62 (iii) Aiding and Abetting (Nzuwonemeye).............................................................................. 64 (iv) Aiding and Abetting (Sagahutu) ....................................................................................... 66 (e) Superior Responsibility (Nzuwonemeye) .............................................................................. 69 (i) Superior-Subordinate Relationship..................................................................................... 70 (ii) Knowledge......................................................................................................................... 71 (iii) Failure to Prevent or Punish ............................................................................................. 73 3. Killing of the Belgian Peacekeepers......................................................................................74 (a) Murder as a Crime Against Humanity and as a Serious Violation of Article 3 Common to the Geneva Conventions and of Additional Protocol II (Nzuwonemeye) ............................ 74 (b) Ordering and Aiding and Abetting (Sagahutu) ...................................................................... 76 i Case No. ICTR-00-56-A 11 February 2014 (c) Superior Responsibility (Nzuwonemeye) .............................................................................. 80 (d) Superior Responsibility (Sagahutu) ....................................................................................... 83 4. Conclusion .............................................................................................................................86 C. ELEMENTS OF THE CRIMES (N ZUWONEMEYE GROUND 5, IN PART ; SAGAHUTU GROUNDS 11 AND 12)....................................................................................................................................87 1. Murder as a Crime Against Humanity (Sagahutu) ................................................................87 2. Murder as a Serious Violation of Article 3 Common to the Geneva Conventions and of Additional Protocol II..........................................................................................................90 3. Conclusion .............................................................................................................................94 D. KILLING OF PRIME MINISTER AGATHE UWILINGIYIMANA (N ZUWONEMEYE GROUNDS 3 AND 6, IN PART ; SAGAHUTU GROUNDS 2 TO 5) ....................................................................................95 1. Article 6(1) of the Statute ......................................................................................................96 (a) Ordering ................................................................................................................................. 96 (b) Aiding and Abetting............................................................................................................. 109 2. Article 6(3) of the Statute ....................................................................................................110 3. Conclusion ...........................................................................................................................111 E. KILLING OF THE BELGIAN PEACEKEEPERS (N ZUWONEMEYE GROUND 4; SAGAHUTU GROUNDS 6 TO 10)..................................................................................................................................112 1. Assessment of Evidence ......................................................................................................113 (a) Alleged Error in Relying on Witness AWC’s Evidence ...................................................... 113 (b) Alleged Errors in the Assessment of Witnesses AWC’s and DCK’s Evidence................... 117 (i) Corporal Masonga............................................................................................................