A publication by: NORTHWEST WILDLIFE PRESERVATION SOCIETY Red-Tailed Hawk Buteo jamaicensis By Nicole Lee [insert photo] Red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) are the most common species of hawk on the continent, living in nearly every part of North America, including most of Mexico. They are frequently found soaring in broad circles above open fields or grasslands; or perching on top of telephone poles or dead trees, searching for prey. Common in the wild, the species may be even more familiar than most people realize. The raspy, shrill scream of the red-tailed hawk is such a thrilling vocalization that any time a hawk or an eagle –of any species, anywhere in the world—appears in a movie, there is a good chance the sound track playing is the cry of a red-tailed hawk! With their sharp eyesight, these carnivores are effective hunters. As their name suggests, they are usually adorned with a rust-coloured tail; however, there are some individual and geographic variations to the colouration. In fact, one of the 14 recognized subspecies (commonly referred to as Harlan’s hawk) is a red-tailed hawk without any red to its tail (instead, it is solid white or grey). B. jamaicensis, is sometimes also known by the names buzzard hawk or red hawk, has a stable and possibly increasing population across its range. However, its prevalence in North America does not make this creature any less fascinating! Characteristics Most red-tailed hawks have rich, dark brown upperparts, including their head and more lightly coloured underparts with mottled brown across the belly. Tail feathers are typically light on the underside with a brick or rust colour on top, giving this hawk its name. However, despite this general description, there is much variation to exact plumage colour and pattern across the species. The terms “light phase” and “dark phase”, for example, can also be used to help categorize some of the variation, these phases sometimes corresponding to different geographical regions. While differences in plumage may make identification of NWPS Headquarters NWPS Vancouver Island t Vancouver 604.568.9160 720-1190 Melville Street PO Box 39058 t Victoria 778.967.3379 Vancouver, BC V6E 3W1 RPO James Bay e [email protected] Victoria, BC V8V 4X8 w www.northwestwildlife.com the species difficult, most adults have in common a red-toned tail with a dark terminal band. All have dark patagial markings (or bands of colour on the leading edges of their underwings). Their legs and feet are yellow with strong, sharp talons. Juvenile red-tails are duller in colour, have more streaking, and have grey-brown and darkly banded tails. If they are to have red tail feathers as an adult, these will molt in during their second year. A large hawk—the second largest hawk in North America after the ferruginous hawk—Buteo jamaicensis exhibits the typical proportions found in members of its genus including broad, rounded wings; a short, wide body; and a wide tail. Although it may resemble an eagle from afar, if the two are seen side by side, the size difference is easily apparent, with the red-tailed hawk being much smaller than the eagle. Fully grown males and females overlap in size, but females are on average 25% larger than their male counterparts. Body lengths for the red-tailed hawk range from 45-65cm (17.7-22in) (45-56cm for males; 50-65cm for females) and wingspans range from 114-133cm (44.9-52.4in) (the same for both genders). While they are relatively large hawks, as with other birds capable of flight, they are exceptionally light for their size, weighing in at only 690-1,460g (31.7-51.5oz) (690-1300g for males; 900-1460g for females). The red-tailed hawk may sometimes be confused with the red-shouldered hawk, Swainson’s hawk, However, the red-shouldered hawk is unique from the red-tailed hawk as it has a banded tail, auburn barring on its underparts, and tends to be overall smaller. Swainson’s hawk has a dark chest and the trailing edge (as opposed to the leading edge) of its underwing is dark. Life Cycle Red-tailed hawks usually do not start mating until their third year. Courting individuals perform an impressive sequence of aerial acrobatics, in which a male and female pair soars in large circles all the while gaining great height. The male dives down steeply and then returns, repeating this action several times. He then approaches the female from above, touching her briefly with his talons. The pair may lock talons and spiral down towards the ground before they let go, the whole sequence accompanied by shrill screams. The pair is monogamous and will remain together until one of the two dies. Red-tailed hawks build their nests in high-up and in concealed locations, often choosing the tallest tree in an area, the edge of a cliff, or other manmade structures such as tall buildings, window ledges and billboard platforms. Both members contribute to building the nest (or restoring one used a previous year) by assembling piles of sticks. The inside is lined with softer materials including bark strips, both fresh and dry vegetation and feathers. After 4-7 days of work, nests can be as large as 2m (6.5ft) high and 1m (3ft) across. Laid in March through May; a single clutch contains 1 to 5 eggs, with the average being 2 or 3 eggs. Much like the hawks themselves, eggs vary in colour, with a base colour of white or off-white and often some degree of mottling or speckling in a shade of brown or tan. These eggs’ size is comparable to a chicken egg, at roughly 5.6cm (2.7in) X 5.0cm (2.0in). While the female does the majority of incubation as her partner brings her food, if she decides to takes a break or have her turn hunting, the male will take over incubating the eggs, the entire stage lasting 28 to 35 days. The parents are aggressive defending their nest, chasing off threatening raptors including other hawks, eagles and great horned owls. Hawk nestlings, are born tiny (57g or 2oz) and helpless, relying on their parents for food and protection. For 30 to 35 days after they hatch, the female broods the young. When prey is brought back by her partner she tears into small pieces for her young. NWPS Headquarters NWPS Vancouver Island t Vancouver 604.568.9160 720-1190 Melville Street PO Box 39058 t Victoria 778.967.3379 Vancouver, BC V6E 3W1 RPO James Bay e [email protected] Victoria, BC V8V 4X8 w www.northwestwildlife.com About 6 weeks after hatching (42 to 46 days), the young leave the nest, but at this point, they still cannot fly. At about 2 to 3 weeks later, they develop skills for flight and at about 6 to 7 weeks later, they are able to catch their own food. However, some individuals may remain in contact with their parents for up to 6 months after their initial departure from the nest. The average lifespan for the species is 21 years old, with the oldest individual recorded at 28 years and 10 months old. Habitat The red-tailed hawk is found in a variety of different habitats that offer the species sufficient open space for hunting, elevated perches, and food sources. These habitats can include open country, woodlands, and even roadsides, mountains, and tropical rainforests. The red-tailed hawk only seems to be restricted from extremely dry deserts, freezing tundra, and very dense forest. It is possible that B. jamaicensis is the most common hawk species in North America, its range spanning the entire continent including Central America and the West Indies. The breeding range stretches across the continent; however, breeding densities are lower in areas with the lowest density of preferred prey individuals – these places include the boreal forest in northern areas, Haida Gwaii, the northern portion of the mainland coast and Vancouver Island. The highest breeding densities in the province of British Columbia are within the Fraser Valley. Whether these hawks migrate depends on location. There is a tendency for more northern populations to move south for the winter. Wintering grounds often include areas from southern British Columbia and further south. Behaviour A large portion of red-tailed hawks’ diet is made up of small mammals including voles, mice, squirrels and rabbits. They also eat birds such as pheasants, bobwhites, quails, starlings and blackbirds; and occasionally some reptiles. This keen-eyed hawk “sits and waits” on a perch, scanning for its next prey. Once something is spotted, in a slow and controlled dive, the red-tailed hawk outstretches its legs to seize its meal. On occasion, the species has been observed use teamwork to catch prey (e.g. catching tree squirrels by guarding opposite sides of the same tree). Like other hawks, this bird makes use of thermals and updrafts to save energy when soaring. Adults communicate through a variety of vocalizations. They make a hoarse, screamingkee-eeeee-arr, which lasts 2-3 seconds and is usually given while soaring. During courtship, they also make a shrill chwirk, sometimes giving several of these calls in a row. Threats As adults, these birds are top predators. However, at earlier life stages the species is vulnerable. As eggs, they are at risk of predation by crows; and as nestlings, they at risk of predation by great horned NWPS Headquarters NWPS Vancouver Island t Vancouver 604.568.9160 720-1190 Melville Street PO Box 39058 t Victoria 778.967.3379 Vancouver, BC V6E 3W1 RPO James Bay e [email protected] Victoria, BC V8V 4X8 w www.northwestwildlife.com owls.