Simulation and Optimization of a Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine July 2016 Leonor Ferreira Bessa Babo Dissertação do MIEM Orientador no BIT: Prof. Bai-gang Sun Orientador na FEUP: Prof. Carlos Pinho Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto Mestrado Integrado em Engenharia Mecânica Simulation and Optimization of a Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine [Blank Page] ii Simulation and Optimization of a Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine “一步一个脚印儿” by Laoshe （老舍） “Every step leaves its print” by Laoshe iii Simulation and Optimization of a Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine [Blank Page] iv Simulation and Optimization of a Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine Abstract This work was developed within the framework of discipline Dissertation, of the 5th year, of Thermal Energy branch of the Master Degree in Mechanical Engineering of Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto (FEUP) and was carried under a partnership agreement with the Vehicle Engineering Laboratory of the Beijing Institute of Technology. In this document it is presented an overall review of hydrogen fueled internal combustion engines. Subsequently, using WAVE software, an analysis of break power output of a hydrogen engine changing the intake parameters is made. Using the same software, an optimization of the intake and exhaust valve timings of opening and closing was made. Finally, a general analysis on the influence of ignition timing, air fuel equivalence ratio and throttle angle on the respective torque response of the engine was carried out. Key words: hydrogen internal combustion engines; WAVE software; v Simulation and Optimization of a Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine [Blank Page] vi Simulation and Optimization of a Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine Resumo Este trabalho foi desenvolvido no âmbito da disciplina Dissertação, do 5º ano, da opção Energia Térmica do Mestrado Integrado em Engenharia Mecânica da Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto (FEUP) e em parceria com o Laboratório de Engenharia Automóvel do Beijing Institute of Technology (BIT). Neste documento é apresentado o estado da arte dos motores de combustão interna com combustível de hidrogénio. De seguida, recorrendo ao programa WAVE, é feita uma avaliação da potência efetiva do motor a hidrogénio alterando as condições de entrada do combustível. Ainda com o mesmo programa foram otimizados os tempos de abertura e fecho das válvulas de entrada e saída do motor. Por fim, foi feita uma análise geral de influência do tempo ignição, razão ar combustível e ângulos de abertura e fecho da válvula de admissão, sobre o binário efetivo do motor. Palavras-chave: motores de combustão a hidrogénio; programa WAVE; vii Simulation and Optimization of a Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine [Blank Page] viii Simulation and Optimization of a Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine Acknowledgements Long was the way to get here. My express gratitude goes to Beijing Institute of Technology and University of Porto for offering me the opportunity of doing this project in Beijing, China. To professor Bai- gang Sun for receiving me so well in vehicle laboratory of BIT. To PhD Student and co-supervisor Xiao-Luo for all the support even on weekends. To all my colleagues in the laboratory. I would specially like to thank, Professor Carlos Pinho, that accepted being the professor supervisor of this project and whose help was essential. Finally, to my family for all the support during my stay in China. ix Simulation and Optimization of a Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine [Blank Page] x Simulation and Optimization of a Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine Contents Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................... v Resumo ....................................................................................................................................................... vii Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................................... ix List of figures ...............................................................................................................................................xiii List of tables ................................................................................................................................................ xiv Nomenclature ............................................................................................................................................. xv 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Motivations ................................................................................................................................... 1 2. Literature Review .................................................................................................................................. 3 2.1. The need for clean energy in transports ....................................................................................... 3 2.1.1. China ..................................................................................................................................... 4 2.1.2. EU-28 and Portugal ............................................................................................................... 5 2.2. Attractiveness and drawbacks of hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines ............... 6 2.3. Combustion properties of hydrogen ............................................................................................. 6 2.4. Production ..................................................................................................................................... 8 2.4.1. Hydrogen produced from conventional sources .................................................................. 9 2.4.2. Hydrogen produced from renewable energy sources ........................................................ 11 2.4.3. Brief analysis of environmental impact of some type of production ................................. 13 2.4.4. Brief analysis of economic impact of some type of production ......................................... 14 2.5. On-board storage ........................................................................................................................ 15 2.5.1. Compressed hydrogen ........................................................................................................ 15 2.5.2. Cryogenic liquid hydrogen .................................................................................................. 16 2.5.3. Metal hydride storage ......................................................................................................... 17 2.6. Delivery ....................................................................................................................................... 17 2.7. Mixture formation concepts ....................................................................................................... 20 2.7.1. External mixture – Port Fuel Injection ................................................................................ 20 2.7.2. Internal mixture - Direct Injection ...................................................................................... 22 2.8. Problems of hydrogen combustion ............................................................................................. 23 2.8.1. Abnormal combustion ........................................................................................................ 23 2.9. Safety .......................................................................................................................................... 24 2.10. Hydrogen combustion engine vehicle..................................................................................... 25 2.10.1. Characterization .................................................................................................................. 25 xi Simulation and Optimization of a Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine 2.10.2. Overview of hydrogen vehicles ........................................................................................... 26 3. Methodology ....................................................................................................................................... 28 3.1. Combustion model: Wiebe function ........................................................................................... 28 3.2. Woschni heat transfer model ..................................................................................................... 29 3.3. Exhaust Gas Recirculation model ................................................................................................ 30 3.4. Engine model description and experimental setup .................................................................... 31 3.4.1. Adaptations from the gasoline model to the hydrogen model .......................................... 34 4. Measurements, results and discussion ............................................................................................... 36 4.1. Changes in duct intake dimensions......................................................................................... 36 4.2. Optimized the valve timing for the mean brake torque ......................................................... 38 4.3. Turbocharged hydrogen engine simulation