Evaluation of Pedestrian-Related Roadway Measures: A Summary of Available Research April 2014 Jill Mead Charlie Zegeer Max Bushell For: Federal Highway Administration DTFH61-11-H-00024 www.pedbikeinfo.org Table of Contents Table of Contents ......................................................................................................................................... 2 Table of Figures ........................................................................................................................................... 6 Table of Tables ............................................................................................................................................. 8 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 10 Methodology .............................................................................................................................................. 10 Section 1: Along the Roadway ................................................................................................................... 10 Section 1.1: Sidewalks, Walkways, and Paved Shoulders ...................................................................... 10 References ........................................................................................................................................... 11 Section 1.2: Street Furniture/Walking Environment ........................................................................... 12 Section 2: At Crossing Locations ............................................................................................................... 12 Section 2.1: Curb Ramps ........................................................................................................................ 12 Section 2.2: Marked Crosswalks and Enhancements ............................................................................. 12 Marked Crosswalks ............................................................................................................................ 12 References ........................................................................................................................................... 21 Crosswalk Enhancements ................................................................................................................... 22 References ........................................................................................................................................... 26 Section 2.3: Curb Extensions ................................................................................................................. 27 References ........................................................................................................................................... 29 Section 2.4: Crossing Islands .................................................................................................................. 29 References ........................................................................................................................................... 33 Section 2.5: Raised Pedestrian Crossings............................................................................................... 34 References ........................................................................................................................................... 35 Section 2.6: Roadway Lighting Improvements ...................................................................................... 35 References ........................................................................................................................................... 37 Section 2.7: Parking Restrictions ........................................................................................................... 37 Section 2.8: Pedestrian Overpasses/Underpasses ................................................................................. 37 References ........................................................................................................................................... 38 Section 2.9: Automated Pedestrian Detection ....................................................................................... 38 References ........................................................................................................................................... 41 Section 2.10: Leading Pedestrian Intervals............................................................................................ 41 www.pedbikeinfo.org 2 References ........................................................................................................................................... 44 Section 2.11: Advanced Stop Lines & Yield Markings .......................................................................... 45 Section 3: Transit ....................................................................................................................................... 45 References ........................................................................................................................................... 45 Section 3.1: Transit Stop Improvements ............................................................................................... 46 Section 3.2: Access to Transit ................................................................................................................ 46 Section 3.3: Bus Bulbouts ....................................................................................................................... 46 Section 4: Roadway Design ........................................................................................................................ 46 Section 4.1: Bicycle Facilities ................................................................................................................. 46 References ........................................................................................................................................... 46 Section 4.2: Lane Narrowing (Lane Diets) ............................................................................................. 46 Section 4.3: Lane Reduction (Road Diets) .............................................................................................. 47 References ........................................................................................................................................... 49 Section 4.4: Driveway Improvements .................................................................................................... 49 Section 4.5: Raised Medians ................................................................................................................... 49 Section 4.6: One-Way/Two-Way Street Conversions .......................................................................... 49 Section 4.7: Access Management Design Solutions ............................................................................... 49 Section 4.8: Improved Right-Turn Slip Lane Design ............................................................................ 49 Section 5: Intersection Design ................................................................................................................... 50 Section 5.1: Roundabouts ....................................................................................................................... 50 Visually-Impaired Pedestrians at Roundabouts ................................................................................. 51 Section 5.2: Modified T-Intersections .................................................................................................... 56 Section 5.3: Intersection Median Barriers .............................................................................................. 56 Section 5.4: Curb Radius Reduction ....................................................................................................... 56 Section 5.5: Skewed Intersections .......................................................................................................... 56 Section 5.6: Pedestrian Accommodations at Complex Intersections..................................................... 56 Section 6: Traffic Calming .......................................................................................................................... 56 Section 6.0: Comprehensive Traffic Calming ......................................................................................... 56 References ........................................................................................................................................... 60 Section 6.1: Chokers ............................................................................................................................... 60 Section 6.2: Chicanes .............................................................................................................................. 60 Section 6.3: Mini Circles ......................................................................................................................... 60 www.pedbikeinfo.org 3 Section 6.4: Speed Humps....................................................................................................................... 60 References ........................................................................................................................................... 61 Section 6.5: Speed