Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2017 Chimpanzees in the Island Of Gold: Impacts of artisanal small-scale gold mining on chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) in Fongoli, Senegal Kelly Morgan Boyer Ontl Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the Biological and Physical Anthropology Commons, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons, and the Natural Resources and Conservation Commons Recommended Citation Ontl, Kelly Morgan Boyer, "Chimpanzees in the Island Of Gold: Impacts of artisanal small-scale gold mining on chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) in Fongoli, Senegal" (2017). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 15594. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/15594 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Chimpanzees in the Island of Gold: Impacts of artisanal small-scale gold mining on chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) in Fongoli, Senegal by Kelly Morgan Boyer Ontl A dissertation submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major: Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Program of Study Committee: Jill D. Pruetz, Major Professor Brent Danielson Robert Klaver Cassandra Nunez Francis Owusu The student author, whose presentation of the scholarship herein was approved by the program of study committee, is solely responsible for the content of this dissertation. The Graduate College will ensure this dissertation is globally accessible and will not permit alterations after a degree is conferred. Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2017 Copyright © Kelly Morgan Boyer Ontl, 2017. All rights reserved. ii DEDICATION To my mother, Ellen Slentz. For helping to make my dreams become a reality and In memory of Saiba Keita iii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................................. viiivii LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................... Xx ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. XVxv ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................... XVIIIxviii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION: WEST AFRICAN CHIMPANZEES ..........................1 Senegal’s savanna chimpanzees .............................................................................................3 Ethnoprimatology ...................................................................................................................7 Anthropogenic activity and West African chimpanzees .........................................................8 Mali .............................................................................................................................9 Guinea Bissau .............................................................................................................9 Guinea .......................................................................................................................10 Sierra Leone ..............................................................................................................11 Liberia .......................................................................................................................12 Côte d’Ivoire .............................................................................................................12 Ghana ........................................................................................................................13 Summary ...............................................................................................................................14 Dissertation structure ............................................................................................................15 Literature cited ......................................................................................................................16 CHAPTER II ARTISANAL SMALL-SCALE GOLD MINING IN CONTEXT..........28 West Africa’s story of gold ...................................................................................................30 Modern gold rush and the environmental impacts ...................................................31 ASGM in Fongoli Senegal ....................................................................................................37 Oundoundou mine .....................................................................................................38 Kerouani mine ...........................................................................................................38 Coucoukoto and Wolokoto mines..............................................................................39 Ngari Camp and Niakora mine .................................................................................39 Djendji mine ..............................................................................................................39 iv Summary ...............................................................................................................................40 Literature cited ......................................................................................................................40 CHAPTER III FONGOLI SAVANNA CHIMPANZEE PROJECT: THE STUDY OF A COUPLED HUMAN AND NATURAL SYSTEM ...................................................58 Coupled human and natural systems.....................................................................................58 Location ................................................................................................................................61 The human systems ...............................................................................................................62 Governance and history ............................................................................................62 Permanent human communities ................................................................................64 Transient human communities ..................................................................................67 Fongoli Savanna Chimpanzee Project......................................................................68 The natural systems...............................................................................................................70 Climate and seasons .................................................................................................70 Forest resources and land cover...............................................................................71 Water resources ........................................................................................................72 Chimpanzees and other wildlife ................................................................................72 System interactions ...............................................................................................................74 Telecoupling processes .........................................................................................................79 Conclusions ...........................................................................................................................80 Literature Ccted ....................................................................................................................80 CHAPTER IV DYNAMICS OF HUMAN-CHIMPANZEE ENCOUNTERS AT FONGOLI, SENEGAL, 2006-2014 ...............................................................................95 Abstract .................................................................................................................................96 Introduction ...........................................................................................................................97 Humans and primates – conflict and commensalism ................................................99 Human-chimpanzee interface in Fongoli, Senegal .................................................101 Scope of study .....................................................................................................................110 Study site .............................................................................................................................110 Methods...............................................................................................................................112 v Results .................................................................................................................................114 Human activities .....................................................................................................115 Chimpanzee reactions .............................................................................................116 Human-initiated interactions ..................................................................................119 Gender.....................................................................................................................120 Time of day ..............................................................................................................120