FINAL REPORT Research to provide data to support application for a minor use permits for chemicals including trichlorfon, sodium and calcium hypochlorite, copper sulphate, hydrogen peroxide, benzalkonium chloride for control of disease including White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) in Australian prawn farms. Matthew A. Landos, Tony Charles, Kim Hooper, James Fensham, Chun-han Lin January 2020 FRDC Project No. 2018-099 i © 2020 Fisheries Research and Development Corporation. All rights reserved. ISBN 978-1-64764-071-2 Research to provide data to support application for a minor use permits for chemicals including trichlorfon, sodium and calcium hypochlorite, copper sulphate, hydrogen peroxide, benzalkonium chloride for control of disease including White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) in Australian prawn farms. 2018-099 2020 Ownership of Intellectual property rights Unless otherwise noted, copyright (and any other intellectual property rights, if any) in this publication is owned by the Fisheries Research and Development Corporation, Australian Prawn Farmers Association and Future Fisheries Veterinary Service Pty Ltd. This publication (and any information sourced from it) should be attributed to: Landos, MA; Tony, C; Hooper, K; Fensham, J; Lin, C. Future Fisheries Veterinary Service Pty Ltd (2020). FRDC 2018-099. Research to provide data to support application for a minor use permits for chemicals including trichlorfon, sodium and calcium hypochlorite, copper sulphate, hydrogen peroxide, benzalkonium chloride for control of disease including White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) in Australian prawn farms. Canberra. January 2020 CC BY 3.0 Creative Commons licence All material in this publication is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia Licence, save for content supplied by third parties, logos and the Commonwealth Coat of Arms. Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia Licence is a standard form licence agreement that allows you to copy, distribute, transmit and adapt this publication provided you attribute the work. A summary of the licence terms is available from https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/. The full licence terms are available from https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/au/legalcode. Inquiries regarding the licence and any use of this document should be sent to: [email protected] Disclaimer The authors do not warrant that the information in this document is free from errors or omissions. The authors do not accept any form of liability, be it contractual, tortious, or otherwise, for the contents of this document or for any consequences arising from its use or any reliance placed upon it. The information, opinions and advice contained in this document may not relate, or be relevant, to a readers particular circumstances. Opinions expressed by the authors are the individual opinions expressed by those persons and are not necessarily those of the publisher, research provider or the FRDC. The Fisheries Research and Development Corporation plans, invests in and manages fisheries research and development throughout Australia. It is a statutory authority within the portfolio of the federal Minister for Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, jointly funded by the Australian Government and the fishing industry. Researcher Contact Details FRDC Contact Details Name: Matthew A Landos Address: 25 Geils Court Address: PO Box 7142, East Ballina, NSW 2478, Australia Deakin ACT 2600 Phone: 02 6285 0400 Phone: 0437 492 863 Fax: 02 6285 0499 Fax: n/a Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Web: www.frdc.com.au In submitting this report, the researcher has agreed to FRDC publishing this material in its edited form. ii Contents Contents .......................................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................................iv Abbreviations ...................................................................................................................................iv Executive Summary .......................................................................................................................... v Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 1 Objectives .......................................................................................................................................... 1 Method .............................................................................................................................................. 1 Results, Discussion, Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 1 Implications....................................................................................................................................... 4 Recommendations ............................................................................................................................. 4 Further development ..................................................................................................................... 4 Extension and Adoption ................................................................................................................... 4 Project coverage ........................................................................................................................... 5 Project materials developed ............................................................................................................. 5 Appendix 1: Trichlorfon Environmental Data Assessment ............................................................. 6 Appendix 2: Trichlorfon Efficacy Data Assessment ...................................................................... 15 Appendix 3: Hydrogen Peroxide Efficacy Data Assessment ......................................................... 21 Appendix 4: Hydrogen Peroxide Safety Data Assessment ............................................................. 48 Appendix 5: Sodium and Calcium Hypochlorite Efficacy Data Assessment ................................ 71 Appendix 6: Benzalkonium chloride Data review and gap analysis.............................................. 94 Appendix 7: Copper sulphate Data review and gap analysis ...................................................... 109 iii Acknowledgments The Principal Investigator would like to acknowledge the following actions: Australian Prawn Farmer Association (APFA) member farms support to assists with provision of farm data and information to assist development of chemical data packages. This project would not have been possible without the timely approval and financial support from Fisheries Research and Development Corporation (FRDC) and the Australian Government Department of Agriculture and Water Resources (DAWR). Abbreviations APFA Australian Prawn Farmers Association FFVS Future Fisheries Veterinary Service APVMA Australian Pesticide and Veterinary Medicine Authority BKC Benzalkonium chloride CuSO4 Copper sulphate H2O2 Hydrogen peroxide LC50 Lethal concentration 50% EC50 Effective concentration 50% PAA Pre-application Assistance MUP Minor Use permit See further in Appendices iv Executive Summary In late 2016, an exotic viral disease, White Spot Disease (WSD), was diagnosed in multiple Australian prawn farms on the Logan River catchment, Queensland. The subsequent disease response program resulted in the complete eradication of the seven infected farms (approximately 25% of the Australian prawn farming industry). Following this exotic disease outbreak an intensive review of farm-level biosecurity practices on Australian prawn farms was performed to safeguard against future endemic and exotic disease incursions. The prawn farming industry are now taking a proactive step to improve the disease preventative measures on farm to reduce the likelihood and impact of disease entry, spread and exit from their farms. Biosecurity measures offer the prospect of safeguarding against future disease incursions into farms. Extensive investment has been allocated into auditing on-farm biosecurity measures to identify weaknesses in bio-exclusion and biocontainment that could allow potential pathogens to enter and spread on farm. Audits performed consider major routes of transmission, assesses the nature and validity of perceived hazards, rank risks, and provided recommendations for managing identified risks, with the aim of reducing overall risk of pathogen entry and spread within the farm. Biosecurity audits of Australian prawn farms have identified deficiencies in the tools that are available to prevent pathogen entry and spread on farms. In order to improve on-farm biosecurity practices the industry is seeking APVMA permits for several chemical products. Trichlorfon, Hydrogen Peroxide, Calcium and Sodium Hypochlorite, Benzalkonium Chloride and Copper Sulphate which have been highlighted as the most important. The following additional chemicals are also of utility in control of WSD risks on prawn farms: sodium/calcium hypochlorite; hydrogen peroxide; copper sulphate; and benzalkonium chloride. The project will seek to assemble and where possible generate data to support minor-use permit (MUP) applications to APVMA for their use in disease control on prawn farms. Access to trichlorfon, sodium and calcium hypochlorite;