Worship in the Lutheran Church Old Testament Worship: Patriarchs Lasting Impressions: • Calling on/out the name of the Lord • Sacrifice Old Testament Worship: Tabernacle/Temple Lasting Impressions: • Watch and listen, no participation • Emphasis on sacrifice • Attention on priests and temple workers • Sensory overload • Music provided by choir and musicians only • Architecture for visual spectacle Old Testament Worship: Synagogue Lasting Impressions: • Leadership structure: speak when asked by ritual • Importance of God’s Word • Lack of music • Chanting of Psalms introduced • Architecture for listening New Testament Worship: Messiah Lasting Impressions • Focus on the Word, prophecy, and fulfillment • Universal Priesthood • Old Testament foundation • Relationship with God over ritual and location • Lord’s Prayer • Lord’s Supper New Testament Worship: Apostles Lasting Impressions • No longer temple/synagogue centric • Synagogue ritual + Maundy Thursday • Pattern emerges: Word, Fellowship (meal), Holy Meal, prayers Early Church: Lasting Impressions: • Basic order for Lord’s Supper established. • Pattern: Synagogue service + Maundy Thursday • Seeds of the Reformation planted early: leitourgia and sacrifice. Public Worship – Constantine Lasting Impressions: • Clergy take on the same pomp and ceremony as secular leaders • Worship becomes more ceremonious • Worship performed by monks more than the laity • Basic elements of worship adorned with the arts The Roman Rite: Outline • Salutation • Collect • Blessing • Gospel and Commentary • Offeratory Prayer • Preface and Canon of the Mass • Peace of the Lord/Distribution • Post-communion collect • Ite, missa est Music: Jewish and Greek Influences What remains today • Responsorial song • Antiphonal song • Marriage of poetry and melody • Worship going public Music: Songs of the Liturgy Ancient Songs of the Liturgy • Kyrie – Lord, have mercy • Gloria in Excelsis – Glory to God • Credo – I Believe… • Sanctus – Holy, Holy, Holy • Agnus Dei – Lamb of God Medieval Excesses: What remained Lasting Impressions • Sacrament to Sacrifice (“sacred drama”) • Priest-centric, minimal participation • Monastics do almost all the work • Development of the Papacy solidified • Changing theology, stable ritual Worship in the Lutheran Church 1. Worship in Bible Times 2. Worship in the Early Church 3. Worship in the Developing Church 4. Worship in the Reformation Era 5. Worship in the Modern Era I 6. Worship in the Modern Era II Worship in the Reformation Era • The corrupted Roman Mass • Luther’s writings about the Mass • Luther’s view of the Western Rite • Luther’s revisions to the Mass • Luther’s revisions in practice The Corrupted Roman Mass The Corrupted Roman Mass: objectives Three Major Parts • Preparation of the Gifts • Eucharistic Prayer • Fraction and Communion The Corrupted Roman Mass: Major Parts The Offertory • Prayer and ceremony “hallowing the matter of the sacrifice by offering it to God.” • “the secret” The Corrupted Roman Mass: Major Parts Eucharistic Prayer Problems • Power of the Spirit invoked to cause consecration • Offering the spotless Victim • Call for participation by the saints The Corrupted Roman Mass: Major Parts The Fracture and Communion • Bread only for laity Luther’s Writings about the Mass Treatise on the New Testament, that is, the Holy Mass, 1520 Major Points • Communion in two kinds • Narrative under the breath • “new testament in my blood” The Babylonian Captivity of the Church, 1520 Major Points • Communion in two kinds • Transubstantiation • Sevenfold sacrament system The Eight Sermons on his return from the Wartburg, 1522 Major Points • Christian Freedom and Pastoral Care • Response to Radical Reformation • Retain the majority of the liturgy • Changes come from the object of faith Luther’s Translation of the New Testament, September 1522 Concerning the Order of Public Worship, January 1523 Major Points: • Daily Private Masses ended • Matins and Vespers A Christian Exhortation to the Livonians Concerning Public Worship and Concord, 1525 Major Points • Congregations struggling over Christian Freedom • Encourages a balance between liberty and license Various Liturgical Orders • German Mass and Order of Service • Order of Marriage for Common Pastors • Orders for Private Confession and Self-Examination • Ordination for Ministers of the Word Luther’s Writings about Worship Lasting Effects • Return Communion to the basics • Worship in common language • Retain the historic Western Rite • Balance liberty and license Luther’s View of the Western Rite Luther’s View of the Western Rite Respect for History The service now in common use everywhere goes back to genuine Christian beginnings, as does the office preaching • PW, p. 11 Luther’s View of the Western Rite Respect for Freedom And as for the example of the fathers, their liturgical orders are partly unknown, partly so much at variance with each other that nothing definite can be established about them, evidently because they themselves used their liberty • FM, p. 37 Luther’s View of the Western Rite Reform, not Replace It is not now nor ever has been our intention to abolish the liturgical service of God completely, but rather to purify the one that is now in use from the wretched accretions that corrupt it and to point out an evangelical use • FM p. 20 Luther’s Revisions to the Mass Luther’s Revisions to the Mass: Word Historic Formula Missae Deutsche Messe • Latin • Latin • German • Introit • Sunday/Festival only • Hymn or Psalm in German • Kyrie • Customary forms • Three-fold Kyrie • Collect • Retained • Facing the Altar • Epistle • Retained • Facing the people • Gradual • Retained, 2 verses only • German “Hymn of the Day” • Gospel • w/ or w/o ceremonies • Facing the people • Nicene creed • Sung creed • Luther’s Credo hymn • Sermon • Here, or before service • Sermon on the gospel Luther’s Revisions to the Mass: Sacrament Historic Formula Missae Deutsche Messe • Offertory • Eliminated • Lord’s Prayer • Preface • Partly preserved • Institution Narrative • Sanctus • By choir • Isaiah...during distribution • Canon • Lord’s Prayer only • Eliminated • Peace of the Lord • Retained • Retained • Agnus Dei • Retained • German…distribution hymn • Confession of the Priest • Retained, spoken for all • Retained, spoken for all • Conf. of Communicants • Replaced by announcing • Distribution • retained • retained Luther’s Revisions to the Mass: Sacrament Historic Formula Missae Deutsche Messe • Final Collect • Rephrased • We give thanks to thee… • Salutation • Retained • Retained • Ite, missa est • Retain OR Aaronic • Aaronic Blessing blessing Luther’s Revisions: Summary • Foundation: • Western Rite • Formula Missae: • minimally Lutheran • Deutsche Messe: • service intended for the Lutheran people Luther’s Revisions: Summary Lasting Impressions • Retain and adapt • Eliminate both heresy and confusion • Congregational participation Luther’s Revisions in Practice A measure of chaos • Role of the Government: • cuius region, eius religio (Peace of Augsburg, 1555) • Religion without monasteries • 135 church orders (1523-1555) • Incomplete Church Orders Order emerges from the chaos: • Introit Psalm • Announcements • Kyrie • Gathering hymns • Gloria in Excelsis • Preface chanted in Latin • Collect • Sanctus (Isaiah Mighty Seer) • Epistle • Lord’s Prayer • Gradual (or hymn) • Words of Institution • Gospel • Distribution (Agnus Dei) • Creed • Luther’s post communion prayer • Sermon • Aaronic Benediction The Lutheran Church Orders Lasting Impact: • Retain legacy of the past • Texts but few rubrics • Western Rite returned to its evangelical purpose Three Critical Developments • Formation of the Western Rite • Luther’s Revision of the Mass • Influence of Revivalism on Lutheran Worship Worship in the Lutheran Church.