Index A Aperture angle, 6, 9, 10 Abberation function, 5 API, 166 Abbe, Ernst Karl, 2 API particles, 184 Abiogenic MMC formation, 128 Apoptosis, 158 Accumulations, 71 Aqueous alteration products, 120 Acquisition of spectra, 62 Asymmetric stretching C-C vibration, 274 Acrylic latex, 252 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), 172, 237, Acrylics, 251 249 Active compound, 152 Atomic replacement, 124 Active drug delivery systems, 139 Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) objectives, Active pharmaceutical ingredients (API), 166 175 Active therapeutic coatings, 210 Augmented classical least squares method Adhesive, 191 (aCLS), 212 Adhesive potential, 238 Australasian tektite field, 125 Aerogel, 118 Autofluorescence, 170 Aerosol, 189 Average spectra, 84 Ageing, 194 Agglomerative clustering, 79 B Albumin, 146 Backbone bond, 275 Aliphatic compound, 115 Back gate voltage, 105 Alkyd, 251, 252 Background, 71 Alkyl chain length, 212 Background subtraction, 61, 70, 86 Alpha-PbO2-structured TiO2, 125 Background suppression, 46 Alteration history, 119 Back scattered electrons (BSE), 171 Alteration history of minerals, 112 Backscattering configuration, 261, 266 Alteration veins, 113 Bacteria differentiation, 33 American Food and Drug Administration Band structure, 102 (FDA), 157, 196 Basal (0001) twinning system, 271, 272 Amorphous, 215 Basis analysis, 57 Amorphous carbon, 254 Basis spectra, 82 Amorphous silica, 225, 234 Benzene ring modes, 246 Amphiphilic molecules, 153 Biaxially oriented polypropylene, 242 Ancient meteoritic materials, 124 Biaxial stress, 263, 265 Anisotropic units, 275 Binders, 251 Antenna, 35 Bioavailability, 178 Antibodies, 138 Biocompatibility, 203 Anti-oxidants, 254 Biodegradable Anti-Stokes scattering, 24 matrix, 185 Antisymmetric stretch vibration, 25 polymer, 220 279 280 Index polymeric matrix, 178 Cell proteins, 138 polymeric nanocarriers, 157 Cells, 137 Biomass, 226 Cellular biology, 137 Biomolecules, 179, 232 Cellular components, 138, 145 Biopolymers, 179 Cellular metabolism, 159 Birefringence, 212, 214 Cellulose, 227 Blazing angle, 50 orientation, 225, 228, 230 Blending, 216 skeletons, 227 Boehmeria nivea, 227 Cell wall imaging, 228 Boltzmann-factor, 24 Cell wall layers, 225 Bond dipole, 24 Center of mass, 74 Bond polarizability, 24 Ceramics, 260 Breast cancer cell, 148 Ceramide, 158 Bright field microscopy, 170 Charge distributions, 105 Brillouin zone, 92 C-H bending, 246 Brine inclusions, 130 Chemical enhancement, 27, 37 Broadening, 75 Chemical imaging (CI), 165, 172, 173 BSE, 171 Chemical reaction, 83 Bulk microstructure, 116 Chiral vector, 91 Burst, 216 Chondrites, 130 Chromite, 118 C C-H stretching, 145, 148, 245 CaF2 substrates, 144 Cis-C=C stretch peak, 251 Cancer therapy, 152 Cis-C=C-H asymmetric stretching bands, 251 Carbon, 112, 254 Classical least squares (CLS), 179 Carbonaceous materials, 112, 116, 126 Clay minerals, 121 ancient terrestrial, 130 Clock voltage, 54 fossil, 130 Cluster, 142 Carbonaceous phases, 111 Cluster analysis, 75, 78, 82, 140, 247 Carbon allotropes, 92 CNTs Carbon black, 254 (See also carbon nanotubes), 254 Carbon coating, 115 Coating, 214, 220, 251 Carbon metamorphism, 128 agents, 191 Carbon nanotubes, 91, 254 morphology, 210 metallic, 92 thickness, 205, 208 phonons, 92 Coesite, 121, 125 semiconducting, 92 Collection efficiency, 19, 44 Catheters, 203 Colouring agents, 191 Cation substitution, 124 Combination of various images, 84 CCD detector, 51 Cometary particles, 118 back-illuminated, 51 Common rock-forming minerals, 113 deep-depletion, 51 Complex-conjugate (Hermitian) transpose, 265 digitization noise, 53 Compliance tensor, 267 front-illuminated, 51 Composite materials, 254 QE curves, 51 Compositional variation, 68 quantum efficiency, 51 Compressive stress, 269, 271, 272 readout amplifier, 52 Computation time, 63 signal to noise ratio, 53 Condensed carbon phases, 113 CD95, 158 Conduction band, 95 C-D vibrations, 154 Confocal information depth, 59 Cell imaging, 145, 161 Confocal leaking, 114 Cellobiose, 226 Confocality, 45 Cell penetrating peptide, 156 Confocal microscope, 12 Index 281 Confocal microscopy, 1 Defect-induced vibration, 93 Confocal pinhole size, 49 Deformation behavior, 268, 270, 272 Confocal Raman image, 64 Degenerated, 261 Confocal Raman microscope, 12 De-mixed, 86 Confocal setup Depot systems, 178 mirror surface, 15 Depth resolution, 17, 18, 86 scattering point, 14 Depth scan, 253 Constant background, 70 Derivative, 69 Contamination, 114, 197 Detector function, 14 Content uniformity, 177, 191 Deuterium, 139, 154 Controlled drug delivery, 204 Devonian Rhynie Chert, 123 Control of sample damage, 119 Dexamethasone, 213, 215, 220 Core-shell structure, 186 1600-Dimensional space, 77 Correlation, 63, 64 Diamond, 92, 126 Cosmic ray removal, 61, 66, 86 Diamond anvil cell, 273 Cosmic rays, 141 Diamond paste, 114 Cost-benefit ratio, 181 Dichroic mirror, 48 C=O stretching, 246 Differential interference contrast (DIC), 170 Counterfeit identification, 169 Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), 168 Counterstaining, 148 Differentiation, 158 Cracks, 266 Diffraction limited, 181 Cristobalite, 121 Diffraction limited resolution, 242 Cross correlation plots, 78 Diffraction theory, 2 Cross-section enhancement mechanisms, 27 Digital Smoothing Polynomial, 69 Cryo-fracture, 205 3-D intensity distribution, 5 Crystal lattice, 167 Crystalline, 215 Dipole moment Crystalline orientation, 120, 121 induced, 22 Crystallinity, 74 Disordered band, 126 Crystal matrix, 122 Dispersion characteristics, 50 Crystal orientation, 263 DISPO, 69 Crystal structure, 260 Distance calculation, 79 Crystallization, 240 Distribution of components, 85 Crystallographic axes, 265 Divisive clustering, 79 Crystallographic orientation, 120, 122 D-mode, 93, 94 CVD growth, 98 DNA, 33, 138, 144, 145 Cytoplasm, 146 Doping dependent line shift, 106 Czerny-Turner monochromator, 141 Doping fluctuations, 107 Double precision, 63 D Double resonant process, 94 3-D analysis, 46 Double-resonant Raman scattering, 102 Dark spectrum, 71 3-D Raman spectroscopy measurements, 268 Data acquisition, 61, 62 Drawing process, 274 Data acquisition software, 64 Draw ratio, 273, 275 Data analysis, 61 Drug delivery systems, 152, 153 Data handling, 61 Drug eluting stent, 204, 205 Data presentation, 61 Drug/polymer coatings, 211 Data sets, 65 Drug polymorph, 211 Data stream, 62 Drug product formulation, 166 D band, 126 Dry powder inhaler, 190 Death receptor, 158 DSPC-d70, 144, 154 Deep UV excitation, 33 3-D stress field, 270, 271 Defect mode, 94 3-D X-ray diffraction microscopy, 268 282 Index E Field distribution, 4, 9 Earliest life on Earth, 130 Field enhancement, 27 Egg cells, 150 Field geology studies, 130 EHA, 249 Field of view (FOV), 176 Eigenvalues, 77, 262 Fillers, 254 Elastic compliance tensor, 262 Films over nanospheres, 38 Elastic Rayleigh scattering, 23 Filters, 72 Electrical energy density, 7 Fine structure, 249 Electrical harmonic approximation, 23 Fingerprint region, 113, 145, 148 Electric field Finite conductance, 105 incident, 22 Fitting filters, 74 secondary, 22 Fitting procedure, 83 Electromagnetic field, 11 Flavouring agents, 191 Electromagnetic scattering, 4 Fluid inclusions, 111, 129 Electron beam lithography, 38 Fluorescence, 33, 45, 71, 79, 180, 276 Electron diffraction, 276 bleaching, 46 Electron-hole gas, 102 reduction of background, 45 Electronic charge distribution, 22 time scale, 33 Electronic mobilities, 104 Fluorescence microscopy, 170 Electronic resonance enhancement, 32 Fluorophore, 153 Electron microscopy, 171 Foreign particulates, 196 Electron multiplying CCD, 54, 62, 85 Formation of minerals, 112 EMCCD Forsterite, 123 (See also electron multiplying CCD), 54, Fossilized tree fern, 130 62, 85 Fosterite, 120 Endmembers, 144, 150 Fourfold symmetry, 269 Endosomes, 150 Fourier space filtering, 70 Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Franck-Condon point of absorption, 31 173 Freestanding sample geometry, 100 Energy distribution, 7 Fullerenes, 92 Energy level diagram, 28 Fullerene soot, 116 Enhancement Full vertical binning, 62 chemical mechanisms, 35 Functional coatings, 186 electromagnetic mechanisms, 35 Fuzzy clustering, 81 Enzymatic degradation, 220 Fuzzy c-means, 140 Enzymatic silver deposition, 38 FWHM, 67, 74 Epithelial adenocarcinoma cell, 145 Equisetum hyemale, 225, 232, 233 G Ethyl-hexyl-acrylate, 245, 247 Galilei, Galileo, 1 Euclidean, 79 Gaussian, 74 Excess noise factor, 54 Gaussian fit, 120 Excipients, 165, 190 G band, 126 Excitation profile, 32 General stress states, 264 Excitation volume, 114 Geologic units, 112 ExoMars rover mission, 132 Germ-line cells, 150 Extraction level, 80 Glassy, 210 Extraterrestrial exploration, 132 Glassy carbon, 128 Extraterrestrial samples, 124 Glassy state polymer, 245 Global illumination, 173 F Global imaging, 45 Fayalite, 123 γ -Globulin, 146 Fiber orientation, 241 Glucopyranose rings, 227 Fibrillar structure, 240 Glucopyranose side chain, 227 Index 283 Glucose sensor, 40 Hydrophilic gel, 204 Glycosidic linkages, 227 Hydrophilic polymer, 206 G’-mode, 93 Hydrostatic, 263 Goethite, 121 Hydrostatic component, 267 Gradients, 81 Hydrothermal systems, 128 Grain morphology, 124 Hygens, Christiaan, 1 Grain size, 121, 123 Hyperspectral, 65, 75, 82 Granule, 194 Hyperspectral unmixing, 140 Graphene, 91, 101 Hypodermal sterome, 234 crossover from the double to the single layer, 105 I doping domains, 106 IDWT, 69 energy dispersion of, 101 Image contrast, 4, 86 FWHM of the D’-line, 103 Image formation identifying single-layer, 106 coherent, 11 indicator for single-layer, 104 incoherent, 11 intensity