“Why protest? I’ve got nothing to hide” Collective Action against and Chilling Effects of Internet Mass Surveillance A Master’s Dissertation presented to the Faculty of Politics and International Relations, University of Kent and the Faculty of Social Science and Philosophy, Philipps-Universität Marburg in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in Peace and Conflict Studies (International Double Award) by Dipl.-Psych. Johannes Nau Marburg August 2014 ! “Why protest? I’ve got nothing to hide” - Collective Action against and Chilling Effects of Internet Mass Surveillance A Master’s Dissertation presented to the Faculty of Politics and International Relations, University of Kent and the Faculty of Social Science and Philosophy, Philipps-Universität Marburg in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in Peace and Conflict Studies (International Double Award) Word Count: 14790 Copyright © 2014 Johannes Nau This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution – Non-commercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0) The content of this master’s dissertation may be used, shared and copied on the condition that appropriate credit is given to the author, indication of changes are made and the material is used for non-commercial purposes only. The full-length legal code / license can be accessed under: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode ! Acknowledgments In preparation for this thesis, I have received support from various people whom I would like to thank. First of all I want to give credit to my supervisors from Marburg and Canterbury Prof Dr Wagner and Dr Morgan-Jones for the friendly, competent and reliable supervision and support. In addition, I want to thank my friends and family, especially those who proofread this thesis in various stages and enriched the process of writing with hints and lively discussions. ! Table&of&Contents& ! ! 00 Abstract&...........................................................................................................................&1& 01 Introduction&...................................................................................................................&2& 1.1.! General&..............................................................................................................................&2! 1.2.! Past Protests and Reasons for Disinterest&..................................................................&4! 1.3.! Structure and Relevance of this Thesis&.......................................................................&5! 02&Theoretical&approach&to&Protest&Behaviour&against&surveillance&.............&7& 2.1. ! Social Identity Theory&....................................................................................................&7! 2.2. ! Collective Identity&...........................................................................................................&8! 2.3. ! Ingroup-Outgroup-Differentiation&............................................................................&10! 2.4. ! Hypothesis 1&....................................................................................................................&11! 2.5. ! Perceived Fairness, Relative Deprivation Theory&..................................................&12! 2.6. ! Hypothesis 2&....................................................................................................................&13! 03 Chilling Effects&...........................................................................................................&14& 3.1. ! Definition of Chilling Effects and the Power of Surveillance&..............................&14! 3.2. ! Chilling Effects and Aspects of Surveillance pre-Snowden&.................................&17! 3.3. ! Chilling Effects and the Aspects of Surveillance post-Snowden&.........................&19! 3.4. ! Social Psychological Approach to Chilling Effects&................................................&20! 3.5. ! Hypothesis 3&....................................................................................................................&21! 04 Methods&........................................................................................................................&22& 4.1. ! Sample&..............................................................................................................................&22! 4.2. ! Study Design&...................................................................................................................&22! 4.3. ! Description of statistical methods&..............................................................................&24! 4.3.1. Factor Analysis!...........................................................................................................................!24! 4.3.2. Regression analysis!...................................................................................................................!24! 05&Data&Screening&and&Test&of&Assumptions&........................................................&25& 5.1. ! Data Screening&...............................................................................................................&25! 5.1.1. Test of accuracy and missing data!.......................................................................................!25! 5.1.2. Outliers!..........................................................................................................................................!25! 5.2. ! Factorial Structure of Items & Reliability Scales&..................................................&26! 5.3. ! Testing assumptions of Regression Analysis&...........................................................&26! 5.3.1. Sample size!..................................................................................................................................!26! ! 5.3.2. Test of normal distribution!.....................................................................................................!26! 5.3.3. Normally Distributed Random Errors & Non-Zero Variances!..................................!27! 5.3.4. Linearity!........................................................................................................................................!27! 5.3.5. Homoskedasticity!......................................................................................................................!27! 5.3.6. Independent errors!.....................................................................................................................!27! 5.3.7. Non-Multicollinearity!..............................................................................................................!27! 06 Results&..........................................................................................................................&28& 6.1. ! Descriptive Results&........................................................................................................&28! 6.2. ! Results of Regression Analysis I (Hypotheses 1)&....................................................&29! 6.3. ! Results of Regression Analysis II (Hypothesis 2)&...................................................&30! 6.4. ! Results of Regression Analysis III (Hypothesis 3)&..................................................&32! 6.5. ! Further Results&..............................................................................................................&32! 6.6. ! Qualitative Content Analysis of Outgroup Definition&...........................................&33! 07 Discussion&....................................................................................................................&34& 7.1. ! Main Results&...................................................................................................................&34! 7.1.1. Hypothesis 1!................................................................................................................................!34! 7.1.2. Hypothesis 2!................................................................................................................................!35! 7.1.3. Hypothesis 3!................................................................................................................................!36! 7.1.4. Interpretation of further results!.............................................................................................!37! 7.1.5. Qualitative Content Analysis of Outgroup Definition!..................................................!37! 7.2. ! Strengths and Limitations of the present master’s dissertation&.........................&38! 7.3. ! Practical implications and Future Directions&.........................................................&39! 7.4. ! Conclusion&.......................................................................................................................&41! 08 Bibliography&................................................................................................................&42& 09&Annex&...........................................................................................................................&52& ! 00 Abstract With the recent revelations of Edward Snowden about Internet mass surveillance conducted by an intelligence complex of western states on citizens worldwide and protest forming in various countries to show disapproval, this master’s dissertation deals with the influence of outgroup definition, ingroup identification and the feeling of collective injustice on the willingness