CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION United Nations Sustainable United Nations Educational, Scientific and Development Educational, Scientific and 1 Cultural Organization Goals Cultural Organization The ‘Global Water Security Issues (GWSI) series’ is the product of synergy within the UNESCO system, in particular the International Water Security and Sustainable Management (i-WSSM). The rst edition of the GWSI series also seeks to demonstrate that water has Security Goals and the Sustainable Development Water Water Security and a central role in all aspects of economic development and social welfare, and that concerted action via a collective approach of the water-using sectors is needed to ensure water’s many benets are maximized and shared equitably and that water-related development goals are achieved. the Sustainable 1GLOBAL WATER While this publication is factual, containing the most current information available concerning the state of knowledge on water security in the SECURITY ISSUES perspective of sustainable development and covering the most recent Development Goals SERIES developments that aect it, this publication also provides decision-makers with concrete examples of approaches and potential responses for addressing water security-related challenges from the perspectives of both the sustainable development goals (SDGs) and a broader political and sectoral scope, which covers development, nancing, capacity-building, institutional reform and technology. It is hoped that this publication will be a reference source on water security as it covers all aspects of human development and the cases and solutions introduced in the GWSI series can be invaluable for decision-makers, their advisors and anyone interested in – and concerned about – water security, and that this rst edition will reach an ever-widening audience that includes actors outside the ‘water box’ who make or inuence broad socio-economic policies that can aect water security. International Hydrological Programme 9 789231 003233 Water Security and the Sustainable Development Goals Published in 2019 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Editor-in-Chief: Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 7, place de Fontenoy, 75007 Paris, Kwangsuop Lim, UNESCO i-WSSM France, and UNESCO International Centre for Water Security and Alexandros K. Makarigakis, UNESCO Sustainable Management (i-WSSM), (34045) 125, Yuseong-daero Okjoo Sohn, UNESCO 1689beon-gil, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea. Bitna Lee, UNESCO i-WSSM © UNESCO / UNESCO i-WSSM 2019 Editors ISBN UNESCO 978-92-3-100323-3 Hyoseop Woo, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology Dongjin Choi, Korea Research Institute for Environment & Development Sungje Park, Future Resources Institute Gwangseob Kim, Kyungpook National University Sanguk Kim, Kangwon National University Sewoong Jung, Chungbuk National University Jungcheol Paik, Gangneung-Wonju National University This publication is available in Open Access under the Attribution-ShareAlike Eunsung Chung, Seoul National University of Science & Technology 3.0 IGO (CC-BY-SA 3.0 IGO) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-sa/3.0/igo/) and UNESCO i-WSSM web page (http://unesco-iwssm.org/ Authors board/lists?bbsNo=0000000064&target=sj&keyword=&category=series). Nidal Salim, Global Institute for Water Environment and Health (GIWEH), By using the content of this publication, the users accept to be bound by the Switzerland. terms of use of the UNESCO Open Access Repository (http://www.unesco. Morgane Anziani-Vente, GIWEH, Switzerland. org/open-access/terms-use-ccbysa-en). Dana Madsen, GIWEH, Switzerland. Philippe Gourbesville, Polytech Lab, Polytech Nice Sophia, University The present license applies exclusively to the text content of the Nice Sophia Antipolis, France. publication. For the use of any material not clearly identified as Peter H. Gleick, Pacific Institute, CA, USA. belonging to UNESCO or UNESCO i-WSSM, prior permission shall Charles Iceland, World Resources Institute, Washington DC. USA. be requested from: publication. [email protected] or UNESCO Morgan Shimabuku, Pacific Institute, CA, USA. Publishing, 7, place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP France, or iwssm@ Hans Dencker Thulstrup, UNESCO Office in Jakarta, Indonesia. unesco-iwssm.org, 125, Yuseong-daero 1689 Beon-gil, Yuseong-gu, Neil S. Grigg, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State Daejeon, Republic of Korea. University, CO, USA. Bonnie A. Harken, Nautilus International Development Consulting, NY, USA. The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout Marcia M. Brewster, Nautilus International Development Consulting, NY, USA. this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever Hyun Jung Park, Institute for Climate Change Action, Republic of Korea. on the part of UNESCO or UNESCO i-WSSM concerning the legal status of Leehyung Kim, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the Kongju National University, Republic of Korea. delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Seungho Lee, Graduate School of International Studies, Korea University, Republic of Korea. The ideas and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the Fernanda Matos, University of Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil. authors; they are not necessarily those of UNESCO or UNESCO i-WSSM Norma Angelica Hernámdez-Bernal, University of Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil. and do not commit the Organizations. Ivan Beck Ckagnazaroff, University of Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil. Alexandre de Pádua Carrieri, University of Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil. Suggested citation: UNESCO and UNESCO i-WSSM. 2019. Water Security and the Sustainable Development Goals (Series l). Global Water Security Compilation assistance Issues (GWSI) Series, UNESCO Publishing, Paris. Andrew Guitard, K-water Cover and inside design: ©Junghwan Kim, Pieona Books & UNESCO i-WSSM Cover photo (front): ©photo_jeongh/Shutterstock. Nakdonggang River, Korea Cover photo (back): ©Thanya Jones/Shutterstock. Gapcheon River, Korea Printed in Seoul, Republic of Korea FOREWORD Maria C. Donoso Director of UNESCO IHP Freshwater is a prerequisite for all life on our planet, an enabling or limiting factor for any social and technological development, a possible source of welfare or misery, cooperation or conflict. The past decades, this valuable resource has been experiencing numerous anthropogenic pressures, which originate from a rapid population growth and urbanization, a change of consumption patterns as the living conditions improve, variations in climate and pollution patterns. Recognizing that the results of pressures, such as unsustainable consumption patterns, increase of water related disasters and environmental degradation, could be detrimental and needed to be addressed, the international community ensured that the role of water is elevated and reflected accordingly to the post 2015 development agenda. Consequently, Goal 6 of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (SDG 6) was dedicated to water. Similarly, water related hazards have a prominent presence in the Sendai framework and also provision of sustainable water related services is a substantial part of the new urban agenda. According to the SDG 6 synthesis report (2018), 844 million lack basic water services, 2.1 billion lack safely managed drinking water, 4.5 billion lack access to safely managed sanitation and 892 million still practice open defecation. Only 27 per cent of the population in least developed countries has access to soap and water for handwashing on premises. In this context, UNESCO works to build the scientific knowledge base to help countries manage their water resources in a sustainable way through. This is accomplished through the International Hydrological Programme (IHP), the only intergovernmental programme of the UN system devoted to water research, water resources management, and education and capacity building. The IHP, having a forward-looking view, dedicated its current eighth phase on water security. To achieve water security, we must protect vulnerable water systems, mitigate the impacts of water-related hazards such as floods and droughts, safeguard access to water functions and services, and manage water resources in an integrated and equitable manner. Surprisingly, though, a variety of topics regarding water security have not been Maria C. Donoso Director of UNESCO IHP extensively researched internationally. There is an urgent need to conduct extensive research on emerging and future global water security issues in the context of the internationally agreed goals and targets. In response to this need, UNESCO and the International Centre for Water Security and Sustainable Management (i-WSSM) are collaborating in the launching of the Global Water Security Issues (GWSI) Series. This publication series will shed light into water security issues that need to be researched and will facilitate knowledge exchange on them, adding value to UNESCO's efforts in supporting member states achieve water security by providing the scientific base required to face water security challenges. The series aims in going further than reporting on scientific progress on the matter, by supporting also policy making, thus rendering it unique and original. Furthermore, the publication will contribute to strengthening international science cooperation for peace, sustainability, and social inclusion. It will help improve knowledge and strengthen capacity at all levels to secure water resources. Considering