THE BRITISH NUMISMATIC JOURNAL 2012 INCLUDING THE Proceedings of the British Numismatic Society for the year 2011 EDITED BY E.M. SCREEN AND M.R. ALLEN VOLUME 82 2012 © THE BRITISH NUMISMATIC JOURNAL 2012 ISSN 0143-8956 Typeset by New Leaf Design, Scarborough, North Yorkshire Printed in Malta by Gutenberg Press Ltd, Tarxien, Malta © June Mendoza © June DEDICATED TO THE RIGHT HONOURABLE LORD STEWARTBY RD LittD FBA VICE-PRESIDENT AND SANFORD SALTUS MEDALLIST, 1971 TO MARK THE 60TH ANNIVERSARY OF HIS MEMBERSHIP OF THE SOCIETY 27 FEBRUARY 2012 CONTENTS A Roman Republican prototype for the Animal-under-a-Tree types of Epaticcus, by David WOODS 1 Roman Britain and its economy from coin fi nds. The Howard Linecar Lecture 2011, by Richard REECE 8 Fifty sceattas from South Warwickshire, by R.J. LAIGHT and D.M. METCALF 29 The annexation of Bath by Wessex: the evidence of two rare coins of Edward the Elder, by Hannah WHITTOCK 46 The mints and moneyers of England and Wales, 1066–1158, by Martin ALLEN 54 Uttering angels and minting metaphors: some numismatic tropes in early modern British poetry, by Alex WONG 121 The Prestbury Civil War hoard, by Keith SUGDEN and Ian JONES 133 Maurice Johnson: an eighteenth-century numismatist, by Adam DAUBNEY 146 Robert Biddulph and his bull, by D.W. DYKES 164 A poor host leaves a bad impression, by Eric C. HODGE 175 The British Museum and the Blitz: the Department of Coins and Medals in wartime, by Thomas HOCKENHULL 192 Presidential Address 2011. What is the point of numismatics?, by R.J. EAGLEN 203 SHORT ARTICLES AND NOTES New types and fi nds for Offa of Mercia, by Rory NAISMITH and John NAYLOR 210 A Circumscription Cross halfpenny of Edgar from the Wilton mint, by WILLIAM MACKAY 215 A reference to the location of a mint in Norman Leicester, by Rory NAISMITH 217 A new moneyer of the Short Cross coinage from Wilton and some thoughts on the Wilton and Winchester mints in class 1a, by B.J. COOK 220 A Richard II crescent on breast halfgroat, by William MACKAY 224 An unrecorded halfgroat type of Robert III of Scotland, by Philip HIGGINSON 226 Dandyprats again, by Lord STEWARTBY 227 A sixteenth-century hoard of silver coins from Bardney, Lincolnshire, by Adam DAUBNEY and Martin ALLEN 230 COIN HOARDS FROM THE BRITISH ISLES 2012 231 COIN REGISTER 2012 246 REVIEWS E. Cottam, P. de Jersey, C. Rudd and J. Sills, Ancient British Coins (M. Curteis) 278 V. Score et al., Hoards, Hounds and Helmets: A Conquest-period Ritual Site at Hallaton, Leicestershire (G. Cottam) 279 T. Abramson, ed., Studies in Early Medieval Coinage 2: New Perspectives (R. Naismith) 280 R. Naismith, The Coinage of Southern England, 796–865 (M. Metcalf) 281 R. Naismith, Money and Power in Anglo-Saxon England. The Southern English Kingdoms 757–865 (M. Metcalf) 282 M. Blackburn, Viking Coinage and Currency in the British Isles (Lord Stewartby) 283 J.C. Sadler, The Ipswich Mint c. 973–c. 1210. Volume I: Eadgar to the End of Aethelred II c. 973–c. 1016 (R. Naismith) 283 V.M. Potin, Sylloge of Coins of the British Isles 60. Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg. Part II. Anglo-Saxon Coins 1016–1066 (H. Pagan) 284 R. Britnell, Markets, Trade and Economic Development in England and Europe, 1050–1550 (D. Symons) 285 R.H. Thompson and M.J. Dickinson, Sylloge of Coins of the British Isles 62. The Norweb Collection, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A. Tokens of the British Isles 1575–1750. Part VIII. Middlesex and Uncertain Pieces (Y. Courtney) 287 D.W. Dykes, Coinage and Currency in Eighteenth-Century Britain: the Provincial Coinage (M. Dickinson) 288 R. Outing, The Standard Catalogue of the Provincial Banknotes of England & Wales (J. Mockford) 291 J.M. Kleeberg, Numismatic Finds of the Americas: An Inventory of American Coin Hoards, Shipwrecks, Single Finds, and Finds in Excavations; O.D. Hoover, ed., Mark Newby’s St. Patrick Coinage (R.G. Doty) 292 B. Harding, An Introduction to Commemorative Medals in England 1685–1746: Their Religious, Political and Artistic Signifi cance (P. Barber) 293 A. Whittlestone and M. Ewing, Royal Commemorative Medals 1837-1977. Volume 5. King George the Fifth 1910–1936; J.S. Giordano Jnr., Portrait of a Prince: Coins, Medals and Banknotes of Edward VIII; A. Whittlestone and M. Ewing, Royal Commemorative Medals 1837–1977. Volume 7, King George the Sixth 1936–1952 (F. Simmons) 294 OBITUARY 296 Lawrence Brown, LVO (1931–2012) PRESIDENT’S REVIEW OF THE YEAR 2011 298 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH NUMISMATIC SOCIETY 301 Presentation of the North Book Prize for 2010 to Lord Stewartby 304 REPORT OF THE TRUSTEES AND ACCOUNTS 305 THE BY-LAWS OF THE BRITISH NUMISMATIC SOCIETY 311 The British Numismatic Society 318 Abbreviations 318 INDEX 320 Plates 337 A ROMAN REPUBLICAN PROTOTYPE FOR THE ANIMAL-UNDER-A-TREE TYPES OF EPATICCUS DAVID WOODS THE inscriptions reveal that Epaticcus (c.AD 20–40?) issued two different denominations of silver coins featuring strongly similar types – an animal moving towards the right from under a tree – while similar types also appeared, without an inscription, on two other silver coins that seem best attributed either to him or to his apparent successor Caratacus (c.AD 40–43?).1 The type is realistic and highly Romanized in each case, and is accompanied by an equally highly Romanized obverse or reverse type in each case also. The similarities between these dif- ferent types, all depicting some form of quadruped facing or moving towards the right while sheltered by the overhanging growth of a tree situated towards its left, suggests that they are best treated as a group. The purpose of this note is to identify the probable prototype and model for this group of types, which identifi cation then allows us identify the probable sequence in which they were issued. There are four different coins within this group: Fig. 1. Silver unit with charging boar, BMC 2299 (BM, CM 1988,6.27.792) (2 x actual size). © The Trustees of the British Museum. 1. Silver unit with charging boar (VA 581; BMC 2294–328; ABC 1349; Fig. 1). Obv. A winged ‘Victory’ seated right, with left arm holding wreath out towards right, surrounded by legend TASCIO V. Rev. A boar charges right from under a tree to its left, with the legend EPAT beneath it.2 Fig. 2. Silver minim with standing dog, BMC 2358 (BM, CM 1988,6.27.834) (2 x actual size, rev. 3 x actual size). © The Trustees of the British Museum. 1 For the sake of convenience, I follow the regnal dates given in ABC, but these are approximate at best, and the reigns of Epaticcus and Caratacus may well have overlapped. 2 Hobbs (BMC) identifi es the object above the boar’s back as an animal, although as Van Arsdell (VA) recognises it was clearly intended to represent a branch. Unfortunately, Hobbs misidentifi es this branch as an animal rather than as part of a tree in the case of all four of the animal-under-a-tree types under discussion here. David Woods, ‘A Roman Republican prototype for the Animal-Under-a-Tree types of Epaticcus’, British Numismatic Journal 82 (2012), 1–7. ISSN 0143–8956. © British Numismatic Society. 2 WOODS 2. Silver minim with standing dog (BMC 2358–63; ABC 1364; Fig. 2). Obv. Helmeted bust right. Rev. A dog stands facing right, with right fore-leg raised high from the ground, beneath shelter of tree to its left, and with letter E beneath its main body. Fig. 3. Silver minim with crouching dog, BMC 2371 (BM, CM 1988,6.27.830) (2 x actual size, rev. 3 x actual size). © The Trustees of the British Museum. 3. Silver minim with crouching dog (VA 558; BMC 2371–4; ABC 1361). Obv. Bareheaded female bust right. Rev. A dog crouches facing right, beneath shelter of tree to its left. Fig. 4. Silver minim with butting bull, BMC 2366 (BM, CM 1984,6.1.47) (2 x actual size, obv. 3 x actual size). © The Trustees of the British Museum. 4. Silver minim with butting bull (VA 512; BMC 2366–70; ABC 1358). Obv. A bull butts right, beneath shelter of tree to its left. Rev. An eagle faces left, with raised talons. The similarities between the types described above are such as to encourage the suspicion that they derive from the same prototype, although not necessarily directly in each case. It is equally possible that only one derives directly from the original prototype, and that the others derive from the original imitation. So what was this prototype? It is well-established that many dynas- tic coins of late Iron-Age Britain derive their imagery from Roman prototypes, usually from either coins or inscribed gems.3 Here one must pay due attention to the full scene on each of the above types, the fact that the animal is depicted beneath a tree. Many earlier British coins had depicted the same animals as shown on the coins being dis- cussed here – a bull, boar, or dog – but none seem to have depicted them in quite the same way, sheltered by an overhanging tree to the left. This is not to claim that no British coin had ever depicted a tree in association with one of these animals beforehand, but the examples are rare and their types are clearly distinguishable from those of the coins under discussion here. In fact, there seem to be only three coin types that depict an animal under the shelter of a tree other than the coins under discussion here, a bronze issue of Dubnovellaunus of the Cantii (c.30–10 BC?) and two bronze issues of King Cunobelinus of the Catuvellauni and Trinovantes (c.AD 10–40?).