คุณสมบัตขิ องน ำ้ ทะเลบริเวณท่ำเรือประมงพื้นบ้ำนในจังหวัดพังงำ หลังภัยพิบัติสึนำมิ นำยพรอุมำ ไกรนรำ วทิ ยำนิพนธ์นีเ้ ป็ นส่วนหนึ่งของกำรศึกษำตำมหลกั สูตรปริญญำวทิ ยำศำสตรดุษฎบัณฑิตี สำขำวิชำชีววิทยำสิ่งแวดล้อม มหำวทิ ยำลัยเทคโนโลยสี ุรนำรี ปีกำรศึกษำ 2556 PROPERTIES OF SEA WATER AROUND LOCAL FISHERY PIERS IN PHANG-NGA PROVINCE AFTER A DEVASTATING TSUNAMI Porn-uma Krainara A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Biology Suranaree University of Technology Academic Year 2013 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Firstly, I would like to express my thanks to all staff of School of Biology, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology for all their kind help, support and quality teachings. My deepest gratitude is for my major advisor Asst. Prof. Dr. Nathawut Thanee for his patient guidance, encouragement and excellent advice throughout this thesis. My sincere thanks to my co-advisor Prof. Dr. Murray Potter, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand for all the productive advice and valuable suggestions. I would also like to thank Asst. Prof. Dr. Nooduan Muangsan, Chairperson, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Napat Noinumsai and Dr. Chongpan Chonglakmani, thesis examiners committee for their suggestions, comment and guidance. I would like to thank Suranaree University of Technology, Thaksin University, Phatthalung Campus, Rajamangala University of Technology Srivijaya and Phang- Nga Marine Fisheries Station for generous providing the laboratory instruments and facilities. Moreover, I would like to thank Suranaree University of Technology and Rajamangala University of Technology Srivijaya, Thailand for supporting the grants to my study and this research. Last, but not least, I have to send my special thanks and love to all of my friends, cousins and family, who have supported and encouraged me throughout my studies. Porn-uma Krainara CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT IN THAI ................................................................................................... I ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH ......................................................................................... III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................... V CONTENTS ................................................................................................................ VI LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................... IX LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................... XI LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................ XVIII CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 1 1.1 General introduction to tsunami 2004 ........................................................... 1 1.2 Research objective ................................................................ ........................ 3 1.3 Scopes and limitation of the study ................................................................ 4 1.4 Expected results ............................................................................................ 5 II LITERATURE REVIEWS ............................................................................... 6 2.1 Worst natural disasters .................................................................................. 6 2.2 Earthquake .................................................................................................. 12 2.3 Tsunami ....................................................................................................... 18 2.4 Indian Ocean Tsunami ................................................................................ 22 2.5 The effect of Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami in 2004 ..................... 23 VII CONTENTS (Continued) Page 2.5.1 Countries suffering major casualties and damage ............................ 27 2.5.2 Countries suffering some casualties and damage ............................ 29 2.5.3 Countries suffering damage only ..................................................... 31 2.5.4 Detection of the tsunami outside the Indian Ocean region .............. 32 2.6 Tsunami disaster in Thailand ...................................................................... 34 2.6.1 Areas of the tsunami affected in southern of Thailand .................... 34 2.6.2 Communities and livelihoods ........................................................... 35 2.6.3 Natural resources and environments ................................................ 44 2.6.4 Tourism situation.............................................................................. 47 2.6.5 Pollution (solid and liquid waste)..................................................... 49 2.7 Tsunami disaster in Phang-Nga province ................................................... 49 2.8 Properties of sea water ................................................................................ 50 2.8.1 Temperature ..................................................................................... 50 2.8.2 Salinity ............................................................................................. 51 2.8.3 Dissolved oxygen ............................................................................. 51 2.8.4 Transparency .................................................................................... 52 2.8.5 Total dissolved solids and Electricity conductivity.......................... 52 2.9 The Andaman sea coast of Thailand ........................................................... 53 2.10 Coastal water state of Thailand .................................................................. 57 2.11 Marine water quality standard.................................................................... 63 VIII CONTENTS (Continued) Page III MATERIALS AND METHODS .................................................................... 71 3.1 Duration and locations of water sample collection ..................................... 71 3.2 Water sample collection and analysis ......................................................... 71 3.2.1 Sample collection ............................................................................. 71 3.2.2 Water analysis .................................................................................. 77 3.3 Data analysis ............................................................................................... 81 3.4 Location of the research .............................................................................. 82 IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS .................................................................... 83 4.1 Results and discussions ............................................................................... 83 4.1.1 Physical parameters .......................................................................... 83 4.1.2 Chemical parameters ........................................................................ 88 4.1.3 Biological parameters ....................................................................... 93 4.1.4 Heavy metal.................................................................................... 114 V CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................ 119 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................... 121 APPENDIX ................................................................................................................ 130 CURRICULUM VITAE ............................................................................................ 141 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 2.1 The top 10 deadliest earthquakes since 1900 ................................................... 16 2.2 Largest earthquakes since 1900 to 2004 .......................................................... 17 2.3 The top 10 deadliest tsunami previously illustrated on death toll from the highest to the lowest .......................................................................... 18 2.4 District boundaries of Tsunami-affected areas in Thailand ............................. 34 3.1 The locations of water sample collection at nine stations around fishery piers in Phang Nga province ................................................................ 72 4.1 Average physical properties of seawater on nine stations between January and December 2008 ............................................................................ 85 4.2 Average chemical properties of seawater on nine stations between January and December 2008 ............................................................................ 90 4.3 Phytoplankton communities in seawater on nine stations between January and December 2008 ............................................................................ 96 4.4 Phytoplankton densities in seawater on nine stations between January and December 2008 .......................................................................... 100 4.5 Zooplankton communities in seawater on nine stations between January and December 2008 .......................................................................... 106 4.6 Zooplankton densities in seawater on nine stations between January and December 2008 .......................................................................... 110 X LIST OF TABLES (Continued) Table Page 4.7 Average concentration