018530 - SW I T C H Sustainable Water Management in the City of the Future Integrated Project Global Change and Ecosystems D6.2.7 Research needs and opportunities (city storylines 2008) Period covered: from M13 to M24 Date of preparation: M24 Start date of project: 1 February 2006 Duration: 60 months Project coordinator name: Carol Howe Project coordinator organisation name: UNESCO-IHE Revision [final] SW I T C H Deliverable Briefing Note Template SW I T C H Document D6.2.7 Research needs and opportunities Summary of research needs and opportunities for effective research and demonstration activities developed through an integrated planning process known as the city storylines. Deliverable reference: D6.2.7 Author(s) and Institution(s) Various Publication date: January 2008 Audience For internal project use. Purpose To provide a M&E framework for the city learning alliances. Background Within the confines of what it is possible for the wider SWITCH research team to deliver and to the objectives/deliverables as defined in the proposal and working towards the µSDUDGLJP¶VKLIWFLW\/$VZLOOLGHQWLI\ VRPH:3VKDYHURRPIRUµLGHQWLILFDWLRQ¶others RQO\IRUµILQH-WXQLQJDGMXVWPHQW¶ WKHSULRULWLHVIRUUHVHDUFKDQGGHPRQVWUDWLRQDFWLYLWLHV within each city based upon an assessment of local problems, opportunities and needs. Possible pilot areas/ neighbourhoods will be identified (some demo-sites and demo- activities in a number of cities have already been identified) and at these scales µQHLJKERXUKRRG¶/$VPD\DOVREHGHYHORSHG ZLWKWKHLURZQF\FOHVRIVFRSLQJ stakeholder analysis, LA development, priority setting, implementation and reflection). Potential Impact n/a Recommendations n/a The city report of Tel-Aviv City, Israel January 2008 Coordinator Facilitators Avner Adin [email protected] Avital Dror-Ehre THE HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF [email protected] JERUSALEM [email protected] Avi Aharoni [email protected] THE HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF MEKOROT NATIONAL WATER JERUSALEM COMPANY This report provides an overview of the progress made in the SWITCH program in Tel-Aviv in 2007 and sets out the activities for 2008 onwards. The city and its water and wastewater systems Tel-Aviv and its metropolitan area has a population of close to 1.5 Million inhabitants. It is the principal city along the Mediterranean coast of Israel and the main commercial center of the country. In Tel Aviv city there are 470000 citizens while during the day more than one million citizens. The city has a consolidated urban area and an expansion zone towards the north. In this area new housing projects of housing are being developed at present for medium to high socio- economic levels. Drinking water: 90% or 45 MCMY (Million Cubic Meters per Year) is supplied by Mekorot to the city who cares for the quality, another 10% of the supply is by local wells and disinfection of the water by the city. In the 1950's most of the city's supply was from local wells only but due to excessive salinity and industrial pollution only 9 wells out of 80 are active. The quality of the water is monitored by the municipality using outside laboratories. This is besides the analyses by the Ministry of Health. The sewer system in the city is connected to the regional sewage collection system of the Dan Region Association of towns. The wastewater is collected by pipe-line system and pumping to the Dan Region Association of Towns central pipe-line (Reading-Rishon) to the WWTP (Wastewater Treatment Plant). The effluents are delivered to Mekorot for further tertiary treatment and reuse in the south. Future Tel-Aviv Water Scheme and Dilemmas (based on ideas by the alliance members) In 20-30 years, around Tel-Aviv a high population growth and advanced urbanization is expected. As a result there will be more demand for housing construction, energy demand increase. Also there will be a shift of agricultural land demand from the Tel-Aviv area (where due to population growth there will be changes in land use) to the South of Israel where land is available and if enough water is supplied there would be more and more sustainable agriculture. Probably more desertization in the southern parts will occur due to climate changes. In 30 years time the main supply of drinking water will come from more local sources (like desalination, more local wells and may be indirect reuse of effluent) together with much improved (filtered and may be disinfected by other means than chlorine) Mekorot supplied Lake Kinneret water. The effluents that are mainly reused in agriculture will be also reused for municipal and public reuse (street cleaning, fire fighting, park irrigation, recreational) and also for none-food industries (cooling towers..). Due to mixing of the desalinated water this water will contain less salts and less hardness which will enable more industrial reuses. The agricultural water consumption which is around 70% of the total consumption will go down to 50% due to the decrease of the agricultural production and due to more advanced agriculture. The effluents from the Dan Region that are supplied to the south of Israel will be still required since the agriculture in this part of the country will still be wide- spread although more sophisticated and less water intensive. Still basic agriculture (potatoes, wheat..) will be practiced. More local effluent reuse for public irrigation and river replenishment can come from small local treatment plants and not only from central plants like the Dan Region WWTP. These plants could use diversified treatments like advanced technologies (MBR..) or natural systems (wet lands..). Some dilemmas: 1. Today three types of effluents are reused - The restricted irrigation type (secondary, no filtration, some disinfection), the tertiary treated unrestricted irrigation type (deep bed filtered well disinfected) and the Shafdan water (SAT treated almost drinking water type). Will in the future, only one type or two types be used? The SAT treated type as AA quality water for unrestricted agricultural irrigation and human contact public park irrigation or household irrigation and the A type deep bed or membrane filtered and UV or non chlorine disinfected water for all other reuse purposes including unrestricted agricultural irrigation. The SAT system today is in its full capacity and there is gradual clogging of the infiltration fields. The surface area needed for infiltration is considerably big and the intensive urbanization does not leave much space for new infiltration areas. So alternatives like improved SAT systems or effluent desalination or what is called "double membrane process (UF-RO)" will be used. 2. Will dual systems be used in the city? Some experiments are being conducted in other parts of the country and if the risk assessment will show that due to the very good water qualities in these reclaimed pipes even in case of cross-contamination the health risk is low it could be a good alternative. Also in case of very good reclaimed water quality the health risk radiuses around drinking water wells will be smaller for the reclaimed water pipe- lines around the wells.. There are plans for artificial islands for the future city of Tel Aviv that will expend the built area and leave more open and green spaces (golf courses). The use of desalinated water that will be located on these islands for drinking, for irrigation and other uses in these cases can be an advantage (since it will be produced and used on spot) instead of bringing reclaim water from a central plant. The infrastructures will have to be gradually renewed. The new wastewater collection pipe-lines (the Eastern and Ayalon collectors added to the old Reading ± Shafdan collector) will enable to connect more surrounding towns to the main wastewater plant (Shafdan). In the city the infrastructure for drinking water also will have to be renewed gradually and new storage reservoirs be planned. Flood water will have to be separated from the wastewater sewers (special collecting and infiltration techniques or collection, cleaning and infiltration). More efficient metering methods, leakage control methods to be applied for drinking water and reclaimed water pipe-lines. Improved water security methods to be used. A scenario flow sheet for integrated water management for the future Tel ± Aviv city is given below, as well as the potential research topics for SWITCH are mentioned. Drinking water: Drinking More aquifer storage Potential R&D Infiltration water of flood waters and Storm water desalinated water Improved (filtered) separation and Mekorot supply Improves treatment d r i n k i n g wtr. Improved O & M, leakage Renew al of old wells quality control, improved Desalination metering, renewed distr. Potential R&D Systems, cross connection control Waste water collection and effluent reuse Widening and renewal of the wastewater collection system WP 3.3 R&D Cleaner Improved industrial SA T wastewater Improvement of the More Effl. Desal. Shafdan (more treatment Good capacity, preWtreta ltamnedns tf.o.)r quality landscape and efflts riverL oGcarla y MwBaRt er Tert. rehasbyisrliteteuamstieso n T reated Sludge efflts. or pWPark 3.3 t R&Dreat ment irrigation SW I T C H in the City ± Existing relationship to Work packages Tel-Aviv has been involved in 3 topics of SWITCH mainly: o WP 1.1 the Development of a Strategic Approach and of Indicators for Sustainability and Risk Assessment and o WP 3.2 Safe water reuse o WP 3.3 Other productive reuses It is realized now that more considerable support must be provided through the IRC under WP 6.2 to encourage the development of a learning alliance to enhance the impact of activities on all or most of SWITCH partners and outside of SWITCH. Summary of main L A activities of Tel-Aviv (Months 12-23) A. Dissemination of project information: A1. Article that introduce the project's vision and strategic to the water professional community in Israel, was published in a professional Israeli water journal "Water Engineering"-April 2007.