Soil Biodiversity in Amazonian and Other Brazilian Ecosystems This page intentionally left blank Soil Biodiversity in Amazonian and Other Brazilian Ecosystems Edited by F.M.S. Moreira and J.O. Siqueira Department of Soil Science Federal University of Lavras Brazil and L. Brussaard Department of Soil Quality Wageningen University The Netherlands CABI Publishing CABI Publishing is a division of CAB International CABI Publishing CABI Publishing CAB International 875 Massachusetts Avenue Wallingford 7th Floor Oxfordshire OX10 8DE Cambridge, MA 02139 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 617 395 4056 Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Fax: +1 617 354 6875 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cabi-publishing.org ©CAB International 2006. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechan- ically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior per- mission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Soil biodiversity in Amazonian and other Brazilian ecosystems/edited by F.M.S. Moreira and J.O. Siqueira and L. Brussaard. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-1-84593-032-5 (alk. paper) ISBN-10: 1-84593-032-0 (alk. paper) 1. Soil invertebrates--Ecology--Brazil. 2. Soil microbiology--Brazil. 3. Biological diversity--Brazil. I. Moreira, F.M.S. (Fattima M.S.) II. Siqueira, J.O. (José Oswaldo) III. Brussaard, L. (Lijbert) IV. Title. QL365.45.B6S65 2005 577.5'7'0981—dc22 2005015579 ISBN-10: 1-84593-032-0 ISBN-13: 978-1-84593-032-5 The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presenta- tion of the material herein, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the publisher or the participating organizations concerning the legal status of any country, territorial area, or its authori- ties, or concerning the determination of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in the various articles in this publication are those of their authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the authors’ organizations, the United Nations Environmental Programme or the Global Environmental Facility. Typeset by SPI Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India. Printed and bound in the UK by Cromwell Press, Trowbridge. Contents Contributors vii Foreword ix 1. Soil Organisms in Tropical Ecosystems: a Key Role for Brazil in the Global Quest for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity 1 F.M.S. Moreira, J.O. Siqueira and L. Brussard 2. Soil and Land Use in the Brazilian Amazon 13 M.L. Mendonça-Santos, H.G. dos Santos, M.R. Coelho, A.C.C. Bernardi, P.L.O.A. Machado, C.V. Manzatto and E.C.C. Fidalgo 3. Soil Macrofauna Communities in Brazilian Amazonia 43 E. Barros, J. Mathieu, S. Tapia-Coral, A.R.L. Nascimento and P. Lavelle 4. Earthworm Ecology and Diversity in Brazil 56 S.W. James and G.G. Brown 5. Termite Diversity in Brazil (Insecta: Isoptera) 117 R. Constantino and A.N.S. Acioli 6. Patterns of Diversity and Responses to Forest Disturbance by Ground-dwelling Ants in Amazonia 129 H.L. Vasconcelos 7. Soil Mesofauna in Central Amazon 142 E. Franklin and J.W. de Morais 8. Nematode Communities in Soils under Different Land Use Systems in Brazilian Amazon and Savannah Vegetation 163 S.P. Huang and J.E. Cares 9. Diversity of Microfungi in Tropical Soils 184 L.H. Pfenning and L.M. de Abreu 10. Diversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Brazilian Ecosystems 206 S.L. Stürmer and J.O. Siqueira 11. Nitrogen-fixing Leguminosae-nodulating Bacteria 237 F.M.S. Moreira Index 271 The colour plate section can be found following p. 22. v This page intentionally left blank Contributors Acioli, A.N.S., PPG Entomologia – INPA, Caixa Postal 478, 69011-970, Manaus, AM, Brazil. Barros, E., Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas d Amazonia–Agronomia, Av. Andrê Araújo 2936, Manaus-AM, 69083-000 Brazil. Bernardi, A.C.C., EMBRAPA Pecuaria Sudeste, Rodovia Washington Luiz, km 234, Fazenda Canchim, Caixa Postal 339, CEP 13560-970, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil. Brown, G.G., EMBRAPA Soja, Rod. Carlos Joao Strass acesso Orlando Amaral, CP 231, Londrina, PR 86001-970, Brazil. Brussaard, L., Department of Soil Quality, Wageningen University, PO Box. 8005, 6700 E.C. Wageningen, The Netherlands. Cares, J.E., Universidade de Brasilia, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Departamento de Fitopatologia, Caixa Postal 4457, CEP 70, 904-970 Brazil. Coelho, M.R., EMBRAPA Solos, Rua Jardin Botanico 1024, CEP 2246-000, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Constantino, R., Department of Zoology, University of Brasilia, 70910-900 Brasilia, DF Brazil. de Abreu, L.M., Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, 37200- 000 Lavras MG, Brazil. de Morais, J.W., Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia (INPA), Coordenacao de Pesquisas em Entomologia (CPEn), CP 478, 69011-970 Manaus, AM, Brazil. dos Santos, H.G., EMBRAPA Solos, Rua Jardin Botanico 1024, CEP 2246-000, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Fidalgo, E.C.C., EMBRAPA Solos-Rua Jardin Botanico 1024-CEP 2246-000, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Franklin, E., Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia (INPA), Coordenacao de Pesquisas em Entomologia (CPEn), CP 478, 69011-970 Manaus, AM, Brazil. Huang, S.P., Universidade de Brasilia, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Departamento de Fitopatologia, Caixa Postal 4457, CEP 70, 904-970 Brazil. James, S.W., Kansas University Natural History Museum and Biodiversity Research Centre, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045, USA. Lavelle, P., Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR 137 BIOSOL, 32 Avenue Henri Varagnat, 93143 Bondy Cedex, France. Machado, P.L.O.A., EMBRAPA Solos, Rua Jardin Botanico, 1024-CEP 2246-000, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Manzatto, C.V., EMBRAPA Solos, Rua Jardin Botanico, 1024-CEP 2246-000, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. vii viii Contributors Mathieu, J., Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR 137 BIOSOL, 32 Avenue Henri Varagnat, 93143 Bondy Cedex, France. Mendonça-Santos, M.L., EMBRAPA Solos, Rua Jardin Botanico 1024, CEP 2246-000, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Moreira, F.M.S., Departamento de Ciencia do Solo, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Caixa Postal 3037, Lavras, MG, CEP 37 200-000, Brazil. Nascimento, A.R.L., Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas de Amazonia–Agronomia, Av. Andrê Araújo 2936, Manaus–AM, 69083-000 Brazil. Pfenning, L.H., Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, 37200- 000 Lavras MG, Brazil. Siqueira, J.O., Departamento de Ciencia do Solo, Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Caixa Postal 3037, Lavras, MG, CEP 37200-000, Brazil. Sturmer, S.L., Departamento de Ciencias Naturais (DCN), Universidade Regional de Blumenau (FURB), Caixa P. 1507, 89010-971 Blumenau, SC Brazil. Tapia-Coral, S., Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas de Amazonia - Agronomia, Av. Andrê Araújo 2936, Manaus–AM, 69083-000 Brazil. Vasconcelos, H.L., Institute of Biology, Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU), CP 593, 38400-902 Uberlandia, MG, Brazil. Foreword Over the last decade humans have become mourn the disappearance of a microorgan- increasingly concerned about the impact ism or a microscopic worm. Perhaps it will that they have on the environment. These occasionally register if a previously com- concerns, originating locally in our own mon fungus, beautiful and tasty, is missing backyards, have become global and are from our autumnal environment, or if the enshrined in international conventions to earthworms disappear from our garden. In combat desertification, climate change and general, however, any change in the diver- the loss of biological diversity. This book sity of soil is likely to go unremarked by all targets the third of these concerns but has but the specialist. But we should be con- high significance for the other two. It cerned – because many of the natural addresses the state of biological diversity in processes that provide for our food and the Amazon. Although not a new subject at comfort are dependent on these hidden first glance, this book is not so much con- organisms. cerned with rainforest trees, mammals or A multitude of soil organisms – bacte- birds as with the diversity of life hidden ria, fungi and soil animals – are the primary from our general consciousness below the agents of decomposition and drivers of ground, i.e. in the soil. nutrient cycling and thence food and fibre Why should we be concerned about this production. They are major contributors to element of diversity? There are various rea- greenhouse gas emissions, so any imbal- sons why we value and seek to preserve bio- ance in their activities affects our climate. logical diversity. For many it is a question of They regulate the dynamics of soil organic belief and ethics – why should the human matter and thus the storage of carbon in the species assume that they have more right to soil, which can counter greenhouse gas live than any other species? For others it is emissions. They modify soil physical struc- more aesthetic, because they love and get ture and thence regulate the availability of pleasure from the beauty and romance of the water to plants as well as the susceptibility living world. For many, however, their con- of soil to erosion. Soil microorganisms have cern is based on the conviction that our own been the source of many important medi- survival as a species is inextricably depend- cines, including most of the early antibi- ent on the maintenance of efficiently func- otics. The inventory of functional tioning ecosystems, a concern that easily importance can go on. But despite this translates into the need to maintain biologi- functional significance the biota of soil cal richness. For most of us, perhaps the con- remains substantially hidden – to scientific cern is a mixture of all of the above.