EUROPEAN COMMISSION HEALTH & CONSUMER PROTECTION DIRECTORATE-GENERAL Directorate C - Scientific Opinions &ÃÃ0DQDJHPHQWÃRIÃVFLHQWLILFÃFRPPLWWHHVÃVFLHQWLILFÃFRRSHUDWLRQÃDQGÃQHWZRUNV 7KH:HOIDUHRI$QLPDOV.HSWIRU)XU3URGXFWLRQ 5HSRUWRIWKH 6FLHQWLILF&RPPLWWHHRQ$QLPDO+HDOWKDQG$QLPDO:HOIDUH $GRSWHGRQ'HFHPEHU &RQWHQWV 7(5062)5()(5(1&( %$&.*5281' :(/)$5(±'(),1,7,216$1'0($685(0(176 3.1. THE CONCEPT OF ANIMAL WELFARE............................................................................................................. 7 3.2. THE ASSESSMENT OF ANIMAL WELFARE....................................................................................................... 8 3.3. THE ASSESSMENT OF WELFARE IN ANIMALS KEPT FOR FUR PRODUCTION ..................................................... 8 0RUWDOLW\DQGPRUELGLW\ %RG\FRQGLWLRQDQGUHSURGXFWLRQ %HKDYLRXU 3K\VLRORJ\ 3.4. CONCLUSIONS.............................................................................................................................................. 9 *(1(5$/$63(&762)&$51,925(%,2/2*< 4.1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................... 10 4.2. MUSTELIDS ................................................................................................................................................ 12 7KH$PHULFDQPLQN 0XVWHODYLVRQ 7KH3ROHFDW 0XVWHODSXWRULXV &RPSDULVRQRI$PHULFDQPLQNDQGSROHFDW 4.3. CANIDS ...................................................................................................................................................... 22 7KH5HG)R[ 9XOSHVYXOSHV 7KH$UFWLF)R[ $ORSH[ODJRSXV 7KH5DFFRRQ'RJ 1\FWHUHXWHVSURF\RQRLGHV *(1(5$/$63(&762)52'(17%,2/2*< 5.1. THE COYPU (MYOCASTOR COYPUS) .......................................................................................................... 31 3K\VLFDO&KDUDFWHULVWLFV (FRORJ\ 0RUWDOLW\DQG0RUELGLW\ 5.2. THE CHINCHILLA (CHINCHILLA LANIGER) ................................................................................................. 34 3K\VLFDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDQGEDVLFELRORJ\ (FRORJ\ 0RUWDOLW\DQG0RUELGLW\ 5.3. CONCLUSIONS OF CHAPTERS 4 AND 5 ........................................................................................................ 35 '20(67,&$7,21 6.1. THE CONCEPT OF DOMESTICATION ............................................................................................................. 36 'HILQLWLRQVRIGRPHVWLFDWLRQ &KDUDFWHULVWLFVRIGRPHVWLFDWHGDQLPDOV *HQHWLFDQGEUHHGLQJHYLGHQFHIRUGRPHVWLFDWLRQ 2QWRJHQHWLFFRQVHTXHQFHVRIGRPHVWLFDWLRQ :HOIDUHDVSHFWVRIWKHGRPHVWLFDWLRQSURFHVV 6.2. DOMESTICATION OF ANIMALS KEPT FOR FUR PRODUCTION ON FARMS ....................................................... 41 5HGDQGVLOYHUIR[HV 9XOSHVYXOSHV %OXHIR[HV $ORSH[ODJRSXV 0LQN 0XVWHODYLVRQ )HUUHWV 0XVWHODSXWRULXVIXUR 5DFFRRQGRJV 1\FWHUHXWHVSURF\RQRLGHV &R\SX 0\RFDVWRUFR\SXV &KLQFKLOOD &KLQFKLOODVSS 6.3. CONCLUSIONS............................................................................................................................................ 45 5$1*(2))$50,1*&21',7,216,1(8523( 7.1. FOXES ...................................................................................................................................................... 47 2 +RXVLQJDQG(QYLURQPHQW )HHG :DWHU 0DWLQJ 1RUZHJLDQVXUYH\RIWKHKRXVLQJDQGPDQDJHPHQWRIIR[HV 7.2. RACCOON DOGS......................................................................................................................................... 51 7.3. MINK.......................................................................................................................................................... 51 +LVWRU\ +RXVLQJDQG(QYLURQPHQW )HHG :DWHU 0DWLQJ 5HJXODWLRQRIFOLPDWHDQGOLJKW 7.4. THE FERRET............................................................................................................................................... 59 +RXVLQJDQG(QYLURQPHQW )HHG 7.5. COYPU ....................................................................................................................................................... 60 +RXVLQJDQGHQYLURQPHQW )HHG %UHHGLQJ 7.6. CHINCHILLA............................................................................................................................................... 61 +RXVLQJDQG(QYLURQPHQW 7.7. CONCLUSIONS............................................................................................................................................ 62 5(675$,17+$1'/,1*75$163257$7,21$1'.,//,1*2)$1,0$/6.(37)25)85 352'8&7,21 8.1. RESTRAINT................................................................................................................................................. 63 5HVWUDLQWGHYLFHV)R[HV 0LQNUHVWUDLQWGHYLFHV 0LQNWUDQVSRUW &KLQFKLOODUHVWUDLQWGHYLFHV )HUUHWUHVWUDLQWGHYLFHV 5DFFRRQGRJVUHVWUDLQWGHYLFHV &R\SXVUHVWUDLQWGHYLFHV 8.2. KILLING OF ANIMALS KEPT FOR FUR PRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 67 .LOOLQJRIPLQN .LOOLQJRIIR[HVDQGUDFFRRQGRJV .LOOLQJRI&KLQFKLOOD .LOOLQJRI&R\SXV 8.3. CONCLUSIONS............................................................................................................................................ 69 7+(:(/)$5(2)0,1. 9.1. MINK WELFARE INDICATORS: ATTRIBUTES, ASSUMPTIONS, AND MEASUREMENT ISSUES ........................... 71 0RUWDOLW\DQGPRUELGLW\ 2WKHUDVSHFWVRISK\VLFDOKHDOWK 3K\VLRORJLFDOZHOIDUHLQGLFDWRUVLQPLQN 5HSURGXFWLYHZHOIDUHLQGLFDWRUV %HKDYLRXUDOZHOIDUHLQGLFDWRUVLQPLQN &RQFOXVLRQV 9.2. THE WELFARE OF FARMED MINK ................................................................................................................ 89 *HVWDWLRQDQGSUHQDWDOVWUHVV 7KHILUVWWKUHHZHHNV )URPWKUHHZHHNVRIDJHXQWLOZHDQLQJ F±ZHHNV :HDQLQJ %HWZHHQILQDOVSOLWWLQJRIOLWWHU PRQWKV DQGSHOWLQJDJH PRQWKV 7KHVLQJOHKRXVLQJRIDGXOWV1RY0D\ 0DWLQJDQGSUHJQDQF\ 7KHQXUVLQJSHULRG :HDQLQJRIWKHOLWWHUZHDQLQJRIDOONLWVH[FHSWDVRQIDPLO\KRXVLQJV\VWHPVNLWZHDQLQJDJHDQG EH\RQG« 3 1RQSUHJQDQWIHPDOHV 5LVNVIRUROGHUDJHVVSHFLDOLVVXHVIRUROGHUIHPDOHV &RQFOXVLRQV 7+(:(/)$5(2))2;(6 10.1. WELFARE INDICATORS IN FOXES ........................................................................................................ 118 3K\VLRORJLFDOZHOIDUHLQGLFDWRUVLQIDUPHGIR[HV %HKDYLRXUDOZHOIDUHLQGLFDWRUVLQIR[HV 0RUWDOLW\DQGPRUELGLW\ 10.2. FARMING ENVIRONMENT..................................................................................................................... 124 (QULFKPHQWRIFDJHV &DJHVL]H 1HVWER[HVDQGSODWIRUPV 1HVWER[HVIRUVLOYHUIR[HV 1HVWER[HVIRUEOXHIR[HV 10.3. WELFARE EFFECTS OF PLATFORMS AND NEST BOXES .......................................................................... 133 6LOYHUIR[HV %OXHIR[HV 10.4. CAGE FLOOR MATERIAL ...................................................................................................................... 136 'LJJLQJEHKDYLRXU 10.5. GROUP HOUSING OF FARMED FOXES.................................................................................................... 137 5HSURGXFWLRQDQGJURXSKRXVLQJ 7KH+3$D[LVDQGJURXSKRXVLQJ 3K\VLFDOFRQGLWLRQERG\ZHLJKWDQGJURXSKRXVLQJ )HDUWRZDUGVKXPDQVDQGJURXSKRXVLQJ $JJUHVVLRQDQGJURXSKRXVLQJ $FWLYLW\DQGJURXSKRXVLQJ 6WHUHRW\SLHVDQGJURXSKRXVLQJ &RPSRVLWLRQRIJURXSV 10.6. REPRODUCTIVE PROBLEMS ................................................................................................................. 141 10.7. SOCIAL STRESS AND INFANTICIDE AMONG SINGLY-CAGED SILVER FOX VIXENS .................................. 144 ,QIDQWLFLGDOEHKDYLRXU &RPSHWLWLRQFDSDFLW\ 6RFLDOVWUDWHJ\DQGQHLJKERXUUHODWLRQV 10.8. EFFECTS OF PRENATAL STRESS IN FOXES............................................................................................. 146 3UHQDWDOVWUHVVDQGLWVJHQHUDOHIIHFWVDQGPHFKDQLVPV 5HVHDUFKRQSUHQDWDOVWUHVVLQDQLPDOVNHSWIRUIXUSURGXFWLRQ 3K\VLRORJLFDOHIIHFWVRISUHQDWDOVWUHVVRQSUHJQDQWEOXHIR[YL[HQVDQGWKHLUIRHWXVHV 3K\VLRORJLFDOHIIHFWVRQQHRQDWDOIR[RIIVSULQJ %HKDYLRXUDOHIIHFWVRQIR[FXEV 10.9. STEREOTYPIES..................................................................................................................................... 149 10.10. BODY MASS OF BLUE FOXES ................................................................................................................ 150 10.11. CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................................................ 150 7+(:(/)$5(2)&+,1&+,//$6 11.1. BEHAVIOURAL DISTURBANCES............................................................................................................ 153 11.2. REPRODUCTION................................................................................................................................... 153 11.3. MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY IN CHINCHILLAS ................................................................................... 154 11.4. ANXIOUS OR AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR................................................................................................ 155 11.5. NORMAL BEHAVIOUR .......................................................................................................................... 156 11.6. USE OF ENRICHMENT..........................................................................................................................