NATO as a Value Institution: Do Democracy and Human Rights Matter? The Spanish, Greek and Turkish Cases Georg Agnalt Edell Fall 2019 Master's thesis in Peace and Conflict Studies, Department of Political Science Word count: 24.734 Preface: I wrote this thesis in order to shed some light on a subject that came to fascinate me through my time in college. Are the rules regarding democracy and human rights in NATO just words on a page or do they carry any weight in real life too? As each alliance member have had different political trajectories and histories, I thought that the importance they put into these values should also differ. By focusing on a broader range of cases than other writers have done before me, this topic also enabled me to fill a knowledge-gap, something I put great value in doing. This thesis would not have been possible without the help, love and support of my fellow students, friends and family. A special acknowledgment should also be given to Janne Haaland Matlary, whose guidance and scholarship have been invaluable in writing this thesis. Lastly I would be remiss to not acknowledge my own effort and hard work. I thank you all from the bottom of my heart. 2 Table of Contents Abstract:.....................................................................................................................................................5 1.1: Introduction:........................................................................................................................................6 1.2: NATO and cooperation:......................................................................................................................7 1.3: Post-Cold War NATO..........................................................................................................................8 1.4: Research question: .............................................................................................................................9 1.5: Describing the cases:.........................................................................................................................10 1.5.1: Spain:.............................................................................................................................................10 1.5.2: Greece:...........................................................................................................................................10 1.5.3: Turkey:...........................................................................................................................................10 Chapter 2: Method and theory:.................................................................................................................11 2.1: Realism..............................................................................................................................................11 2.1.1: Commonalities in realist theories:..................................................................................................12 2.1.2: Structural realism:..........................................................................................................................13 2.1.3: Classical realism:...........................................................................................................................14 2.2: Liberalism:........................................................................................................................................15 2.2.1: Differences between liberalism and realism:.................................................................................15 2.2.2: International organizations.............................................................................................................16 2.2.3: Democracy:....................................................................................................................................17 2.2.4: Liberalist terms for analysis: .........................................................................................................17 2.3: Method:.............................................................................................................................................18 2.3.1: Case study:.....................................................................................................................................18 2.3.2: Operationalization:.........................................................................................................................19 2.3.3: Data:...............................................................................................................................................20 2.3.4: Context and phenomenon..............................................................................................................20 Chapter 3: Spain.......................................................................................................................................21 3.1: Context: ............................................................................................................................................21 3.2: Norway:.............................................................................................................................................22 3.2.1: Norwegian support of Franco:.......................................................................................................24 3.2.2: The Spain Committee:...................................................................................................................24 3.2.3: A harder Norwegian stance:...........................................................................................................26 3.3: USA:.................................................................................................................................................27 3.4: Liberalist analysis:............................................................................................................................30 3.5: Realist arguments:.............................................................................................................................31 Chapter 4: The Greek military junta of 1967 to 1974. ............................................................................32 4.1: Context: ............................................................................................................................................33 4.2: Coup: ................................................................................................................................................34 4.3: NATO DPC:......................................................................................................................................35 4.4: President Johnson..............................................................................................................................36 4.5: Public opinion:..................................................................................................................................36 4.6: The regime’s bravado........................................................................................................................37 4.7: The Nixon years:...............................................................................................................................38 4.8: Scandinavia on the offensive:...........................................................................................................39 4.9: Anglo-Greek relations: .....................................................................................................................42 4.10: Liberalist analysis:..........................................................................................................................45 3 4.11: Realist analysis:...............................................................................................................................46 Chapter 5: Turkey’s coup in 1960............................................................................................................47 5.1: Discontent within the Turkish military:............................................................................................47 5.2: Debate within the US:.......................................................................................................................48 5.3: After the coup:...................................................................................................................................50 5.4: Norwegian ambassadorial correspondence:......................................................................................50 5.5: Liberalist analysis: ...........................................................................................................................53 5.6: Realist analysis:................................................................................................................................55 Chapter 6: Turkey under Erdogan............................................................................................................56 6.1: Background:......................................................................................................................................56 6.2: The 2016 coup attempt:.....................................................................................................................57 6.3: Democratic backsliding:...................................................................................................................59 6.4: