South Asia State, Society and Development South Asia State, Society and Development Edited Gull Wani © Authors All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored, adapted, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, micro-filming, recording or otherwise, or translated in any language, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner and the publisher. The book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the prior publisher’s written consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published. The views and opinions expressed in this book are author(s) own and the facts reported by them have been verified to the extent possible, and the publishers are not in any way liable for the same. ISBN : 978-81-212-1414-8 First Published, 2018 Published by Gyan Publishing House 5, Ansari Road Daryaganj, New Delhi-110002 Phone: 9811692060 E-mail: [email protected] Printed at: G. Print Process, Delhi. Contents Preface ...................................................................................................... 9 Introduction .............................................................................................11 List of Contributors ................................................................................. 25 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 1. Theorising a Theory of Global Justice: A case for Inclusive Perspectives ................................................................................. 31 — Javid Ahmad Dar • Introduction • ‘Contemporary’ Debates of Global Justice: the beginning • Nature of Global Justice: the Problems • Parochialism and Contemporary Theory of Global Justice • Conclusion • References. 2. Decoding the Meanings of Development and Welfare in Indian Politics .......................................................................... 43 — K.C. Suri 3. Trauma Theory in the Context of the Partition of Subcontinent ... 51 — Khan Touseef Osman 4. Changing Concept of Security ..................................................... 57 — Sangeeta Thapli 5. Water Security in South Asia ....................................................... 63 — Pawan Bali • Introduction • Conflict and cooperation theories • Historical perspective of water conflicts • South Asian water conflicts • Water Hegemony and Realist View • Offensive Vs Defensive Realism • Cooperation start with institutionalisation • Growing signs of cooperation and interdependence • Be concerned, but not alarmist • References. REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTH ASIA 6. “Neighbourhood First”: A Reality Check ..................................... 79 — S.D. Muni • The Great Initiative • Relationship Status • The Fault Lines • External Factors • The Prospects. 6 South Asia State, Society and Development 7. Liberalisation, Peace Process and India-Pakistan Trade............... 87 — Dr. Sajad Padder, Prof. Gull Wani • Abstract • Introduction • Revival of Composite Dialogue process • Economic Reforms and Impact on Trade • Modi-Sharif Bonhomie and Trade • References. 8. Gender, Equality and Governance in South Asia.........................115 — Seema Kazi • Introduction • Critical Issues • Women’s Movements and Political Parties • Equality Strategies: Gender Quotas • Interest • Representation • Limits of Representative Democracy • Neo-liberalism and Gender Equality • South Asia: Women’s Representation in Governance Institutions • Key Issues • Conclusion. 9. Regional Organisations: A Theoretical Perspective .................... 137 — Dr. Sanjeda Warsi • Neo-Liberalism and Regional Organisations • Neo Realism and Regional Organisations • Critical Perspectives on Regional Organisations • Globalisation and role of regional organisations • Conclusion • References. 10. Dynamics of India-Pakistan Relations: Implications for South Asia .................................................................................. 147 — Wajahat Qazi • Methodology • Ideas, Nations and Nationalism • References. 11. Social Media: A New Tool of Political Campaign in South Asia .................................................................................. 159 — Bishnu Pokharel • Abstract • Introduction • Social Media and Politics • Impact in South Asia • Conclusion • References. MARGINALISATION IN KASHMIR AND SOUTH ASIA 12. Minority within a Minority: The Case of Hindu Women in Bangladesh................................................................................. 169 — Shafinur Nahar 13. Backward Bangladesh: Ethnography of a Kashmiri Village ....... 179 — Mohammad Zakaria • Journey to Bangladesh in Kashmir • A Demographic Overview • Concluding Observations • References. Contents 7 14. War and Violence against Women .............................................. 187 — Kabita Kharka 15. United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 Plus 15: High time to heed the unheard voices ........................................ 193 — Subarna Dhar 16. Pakhtoons in Kashmir: Historical Context ................................. 203 — Farah Qayoom • Pakhtoons in Kashmir • Migratory Route of the Pakhtoons • District Anantnag • District Baramulla • District Kupwara • District Ganderbal • District Shopian • District Pulwama • Oral Histories • Bibliography • Notes. POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE IN JAMMU AND KASHMIR 17. Conflict Situation and Multiple Identity Politics in J&K ........... 221 — Rekha Chowdhary • Conflict Situation and Multiple Identity Politics • Identity Politics and Conflict Situation • Multiple Identity Politics and the Response of the State • Towards the Political Future: Need for consensus building • References • Notes. 18. Jammu and Kashmir: A Test case in India’s Asymmetrical Federal Governance ................................................................... 233 — Rekha Saxena • Asymmetrical Federalism: Secession v. National Unity • Historical Roots of the Kashmir Problem • Electoral Politics in Jammu and Kashmir (J & K) • Jammu and Kashmir Assembly Election Results • Governor’s Rule in J&K • Article 370: Epitome of the Constitutional Asymmetry in the Indian Constitution • The Way Forward: A Federal Solution for J&K • References. 19. Story of Kashmiri Women in Indian-Administered Kashmir: Dialectic of Resistance and Accommodation ............................. 251 — Nyla Ali Khan • Introduction • Complexity of the Historical and Political Context of Kashmir • Ethnic, Religious, and Religious Divisions in Indian- Administered Jammu and Kashmir • Intersectionalities of Gender and Politics in Indian-Administered Kashmir • Kashmiri Woman’s Selfhood and Her Ability to Act in the Public Domain • Contemporary Kashmiri Women’s Activism and Attempts to Rearticulate Social Reality from the 8 South Asia State, Society and Development Historical Experiences of Women • Kashmiri Women’s Vigilante Groups: Forms of Subjectivity that Reinforce Essentialist and Dichotomous State- Nationalist Subjects • Effectiveness of Women Politicians in a Militarised Kashmir • Construction of the “Kashmiri Woman” by the Discourses of Religious Nationalism, Ethnonationalism, and Secular Nationalism • My Personal and Intellectual Trajectory: The Narrative of a Diasporic Kashmiri Muslim Women • Conclusion • Works Cited. 20. Jammu and Kashmir as a Modernisation Laboratory- State Development Policy from 1948 ......................................... 281 — Sehar Iqbal • Abstract • An Introduction • Modernisation-based Policy • The Marxian Socialist Influence • Problems with Modernisation • Normative Problems • Practical Problems • History of Developmentalism in Kashmir • The First Developmental Agenda: ‘Naya Kashmir’ • The Planned Economy Model: the Five Year Plans • Policy Implementation • Land Redistribution: Big Landed Estates Abolition Act • State Industrialisation Policy • State Education Policy and State Employment Strategy • Rural Development Programme • Land Reform and De-agriculturalisation • Persisting Inequality • Rent Seeking and Corruption • Rural – Urban Bias • Environmental Impacts • Urbanisation • Land Use and Agriculture • Forestry Policy • Industrialisation • Public Works Projects • Conclusion • Bibliography • Notes. 21. That Ray of Hope ....................................................................... 319 — Humra Quraishi Index ........................................................................................... 325 Preface The book is an intellectual labour born out of passion and deep commitment for regional harmony in the region. The compendium emanated out of teaching a group of students drawn from the South Asia to Kashmir University. I had the privilege of directing a Master’s Programme in “Kashmir and South Asia Studies” at Kashmir University during 2013-2016. It is in one sense a follow-up of the digest being published at the Institute of Kashmir Studies at the university. The book is the by-product of a unique experience of teaching the Kashmir and South Asia course to a select group of students from different countries of the South Asia. The three years experience of teaching such a mix of local and South Asia youth together in the challenging academic and political environment of Kashmir valley gives me the confidence about the huge ‘soft power’ available to us which of course can be employed towards building bridges of unity and solidarity across people and states. In order to make the course innovative and invigorating leading experts on South Asia were invited for special lectures which added content