Partnerships for the Sustainable Development of Cities in the APEC Region Editors Brian H Roberts, Michael Lindfield, Florian Steinberg Contributors Dr John Abbott, Michelle Addison, Marcela Allue, Dr Jun-Ski Bae, Dr Miree Byun, Dr Wei-Bin Chen, Holly Xueyao Duan, Theresa Esteban, Dr Shu-Li Huang, Soo-Hyun Kim, Dr Inhee Kim, Dr Mook Han Kim, Juana Kuramoto, Alain Maulion, Richard McAlary, Wahyu Mulyana, Dr Hitomi Nakanishi, Dr Aijun Qui, Fernando Ramirez, Simone Roberts, Dr Wicakson Sarossa, Dr Hisashi Shibata, Jose Tomas Videla, Dr Chang Yi. Copyright © 2018 APEC Secretariat ISBN: 978-981-11-6300-5 The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of APEC member economies, APEC Secretariat, or the Cities Alliance. This publication is based on the APEC Policy Support Unit report on Partnerships for the Sustainable Development of Cities in the APEC Region, Publication Number APEC#214-SE-01.22. Reproduced with permission of the APEC Secretariat, Singapore. It was originally published online in June 2017 at: http://publications.apec.org/publication-detail.php?pub_id=1866. Published by Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Policy Support Unit Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Secretariat 35 Heng Mui Keng Terrace Singapore 119616 Telephone: +65 6891 9600 Email: [email protected] Cities Alliance Rue Royale 94, 3rd Floor Philanthropy House 1000 Brussels, Belgium Telephone: +32 2 880 40 88 Email: [email protected] ii Partnerships for the Sustainable Development of Cities in the APEC Region TABLE OF CONTENTS ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS ........................... xii 2.5 Social Integration ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................... xiv and Multiculturalism ............................... 44 PREFACE ............................................................. xv 2.6 Urban Governance ................................. 46 KEY FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... xvi 2.7 Partnerships for Sustainable Development .......................................... 49 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................... xviii 2.8 Examples of Best Practice Partnerships ............................. 52 1. NEW AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE 2.9 Conclusions ........................................... 54 DEVELOPMENT OF APEC CITIES ......... 2 Brian H. Roberts, Michael Lindfield 3. BANDUNG, INDONESIA .................... 56 and Florian Steinberg Wicaksono Sarosa, Wahyu Mulyana 1.1 Urbanization in the Regional Context .... 4 and Brian H. Roberts 1.2 A Region with More, Bigger 3.1 Introduction ............................................. 57 and Greying Cities .................................. 7 3.2 Economic Dynamics ............................... 59 1.3 Cities are the Region’s Drivers of Economic Growth and Prosperity ....... 10 3.3 Strategic Infrastructure and Assets ........ 67 1.4 Challenges Facing the Future 3.4 Social and Environmental Systems Development of APEC Cities ................. 11 and Sustainability ................................... 71 1.5 The New Economic Geography 3.5 Urban Governance.................................. 73 of Cities in the Region ............................. 12 3.6 Partnerships for Sustainable 1.6 Changes in the Typology of Cities ......... 14 Development ........................................... 77 1.7 The Sustainable City Debate .................. 15 3.7 Conclusions ........................................... 79 1.8 Defining Sustainable Cities .................... 17 4. BANGKOK-PHNOM PENH-HO 1.9 A Framework for Sustainable City Development ................................... 17 CHI MINH CORRIDOR, GREATER MEKONG SUB-REGION ........................ 80 1.10 Challenges to Achieving Sustainable Urban Development in the Region ......... 19 Alain Maulion, Florian Steinberg and Michael Lindfield 1.11 A New Sustainability Agenda for Cities in the Region ........................... 23 4.1 Introduction ............................................. 81 1.12 New Models for Urban Governance 4.2 Major Corridor Cities............................... 84 in Sustainable City Development ............ 24 4.3 Intermediate Corridor Towns .................. 94 1.13 Focus and Purpose of the Book ............ 28 4.4 Corridor Development Governance ........ 97 1.14 Building Momentum for an APEC 4.5 Conclusions ............................................ 98 Asia-Pacific Partnership for Urbanization and Sustainable City Development ................................... 31 5. GREATER BRISBANE REGION, AUSTRALIA ............................................ 100 2. AUCKLAND, NEW ZEALAND ............. 32 Brian H. Roberts, John Abbott Brian H. Roberts and Michelle Addison and Simone E. Roberts 5.1 Introduction ............................................. 101 2.1 Introduction ............................................. 33 5.2 Economic Environment ........................... 103 2.2 The Economy .......................................... 34 5.3 Social and Environmental 2.3 Strategic Infrastructure Sustainability ........................................... 111 And Assets .............................................. 40 5.4 Effectiveness of Governance .................. 113 2.4 Environmental Systems 5.5 Challenges to Sustainable and Sustainability ................................... 43 Development .......................................... 116 Introduction iii 5.6 Good Practice Partnerships 9. METRO MANILA, PHILIPPINES ......... 178 for Sustainable Development.................. 117 Theresa Audrey O. Esteban and Michael Lindfield 5.7 Conclusions ............................................ 122 9.1 Introduction ............................................. 179 6. JING-JIN-JI REGION, PEOPLE’S 9.2 Economic Environment ........................... 180 REPUBLIC OF CHINA ............................ 124 9.3 Strategic Infrastructure .......................... 186 Michael Lindfield, Xueyao Duan 9.4 Social Environment ................................. 190 and Aijun Qiu 9.5 Effectiveness of Urban 6.1 Introduction ............................................ 125 Governance ........................................... 195 6.2 Economic Environment ........................... 128 9.6 Partnerships for Sustainable Development .......................................... 196 6.3 Innovation, Creativity and Business Entrepreneurship ................................... 131 9.7 Conclusions ............................................ 199 6.4 Strategic Infrastructure .......................... 132 10. MEXICO CITY, MEXICO.................... 200 6.5 Social and Environmental Sustainability .......................................... 135 Fernando Ramirez and Florian Steinberg 6.6 Effectiveness of Urban 10.1 Introduction ............................................. 201 Governance ........................................... 137 10.2 Economic Environment ........................... 203 6.7 Partnerships for Sustainable 10.3 Strategic Infrastructure ........................... 212 Development .......................................... 139 10.4 Social and Environmental 6.8 Conclusions ............................................ 140 Sustainability ........................................... 214 10.5 Urban Governance ................................. 215 7. KITAKYUSHU CITY, JAPAN ................ 142 10.6 Good Practice for Sustainable Hitomi Nakanishi and Hisashi Shibata Development .......................................... 216 7.1 Introduction ............................................. 143 10.7 Potential APEC Partnerships ................. 218 7.2 Economic Dynamics ............................... 145 10.8 Conclusions ............................................ 219 7.3 Strategic Infrastructure and Assets ........ 147 7.4 Social and Environmental Systems 11. RIVER DELTA SUPRACITY, and Sustainability ................................... 149 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA .......... 220 7.5 Urban Governance ................................. 154 Michael Lindfield, Xueyao Duan and Aijun Qiu 7.6 Partnerships for Sustainable 11.1 Introduction ............................................. 221 Development .......................................... 156 11.2 Economic Environment ........................... 223 7.7 Conclusions ........................................... 157 11.3 Strategic Infrastructure .......................... 231 8. LIMA, PERU ........................................ 158 11.4 Social Sustainability ................................ 235 Florian Steinberg and Juana Kuramoto 11.5 Environmental Sustainability: Policies and Measures ............................ 236 8.1 Introduction ............................................ 159 11.6 Effectiveness of Urban Governance ...... 237 8.2 Economic Environment ........................... 161 11.7 Partnerships for Sustainable 8.3 Strategic Infrastructure .......................... 169 Development .......................................... 238 8.4 Social and Environmental 11.8 Conclusions ............................................ 241 Sustainability ........................................... 174 8.5 Effectiveness of Urban Governance ....... 175 12. SANTIAGO, CHILE ........................... 242 8.6 Sustainable Development Florian Steinberg, Marcela Allué Partnerships ........................................... 176 and Jose Tomás Videla 8.7 Potential APEC partnerships ................. 176 12.1 Introduction ............................................. 243 8.8 Conclusions ........................................... 177 12.2 The City in Context ................................ 243 iv