A SHORT HISTORY OF JAPAN THE UNIVERSITY OP CHICAGO PRESS CHICAGO, ILLINOIS Agents THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON AND EDINBURGH THE J4ARUZEN-KABUSHIKI-KAISHA TOKYO, OSAKA, KYOTO KARL W. HIERSEMANN LEIPZIG THE BAKER & TAYLOR COMPANY NEW YOBK ^^tvLU^,^ yyt SHORT HIS OF JAPA BY ERNEST WILSON CLEMENT THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS jj|# *V% * IjL CHICAGO, ILLINOIS &- / ft <?/tf JV&* Copyright 1915 By The University of Chicago All Rights Reserved Published August iqis Composed and Printed By The University of Chicago Press Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A. TO My Wife and Children ; PREFACE The object of this book is to give a bird's-eye view of the history of Japan, 1 and to indicate in outline how both Old Japan and New Japan were constructed and evolved. It is believed that many persons who would not care to go into the details of Japanese history would like to get an epitome, a general idea, of what has happened during the long course of the history of Japan, Old and New. This book may, therefore, be sufficient for the purposes of that individual known as the "average reader." And, as frequent references are made to fuller accounts, it may also be an introduction to Japanese history for those who desire to pursue the study farther. It should, perhaps, be added that the history of Japan is both interesting and instructive: it is full of the most romantic and exciting incidents and episodes, and it is a study in the evolution of a wonderful people who have astonished the world. The author does not lay claim to originality; he has made use of all materials at hand and has given credit where credit is due. He has, however, applied his own interpretations to the historical and other events recorded and has tried to portray their meaning and their bearing, especially upon the evolution of Japan. There is no attempt at absolute uniformity in the transliteration of Japanese words, nor is there so much variety as to confuse. There is not much practical difference between Tokio and Tokyo ; Ieyasu and Iyeyasu 1 Up to the end of the MeijiJEra in 1912. vii viii PREFACE Kiu-shiu, Kytl-shiu, Kiu-shu, Kyu-shu; though there is more divergence between Riukiu, Liukiu, Luchu, Loo- Choo, Lew Chew. But the distinction between the long and the short vowels (o and o, u and u) is very important. For permission to use material contained in his own Handbook of Modern Japan (A. C. McClurg & Co., Chicago) and Christianity in Modern Japan (American Baptist Publication Society, Philadelphia) the author wishes here to express his thanks to the publishers. The author has tried to be accurate but may have made mistakes, for the correction of which he will be thankful. He will be quite satisfied if this little book becomes a guide in the study of the history of Japan. Ernest Wilson Clement Tokyo, Japan July 1, 1915 CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. Introduction: The Divine Ages 1 II. The Prehistoric Period 10 III. The Imperialistic Period 19 IV. The Heian Epoch, or Fujiwara Bureaucracy . 30 V. The Gempei Era 40 VI. Hojo Tyranny 47 VII. Ashikaga Anarchy 56 VIII. Civil Strife 64 IX. Tokugawa Feudalism: (1) Organization . 74 X. Tokugawa Feudalism: (2) Sleep of Japan . 85 XI. Tokugawa Feudalism: (3) Awakening of Japan 98 XII. The Meiji Era: (1) Reconstruction .... 109 XIII. The Meiji Era: (2) Internal Development . 118 XIV. The Meiji Era: (3) Constitutionalism ... 126 XV. The Meiji Era: (4) Cosmopolitanism . 135 XVI. The Meiji Era: (5) Continentalism . 146 Appendix: A. Physiography; Provinces by Circuits; Prefectures 153 B. List of Emperors and Empresses 160 C. List of Shoguns 164 D. List of Regents (Shik-ken) 166 E. List of Japanese Year Periods 166 JAPANESE PRONUNCIATION a like a in father oi as in ewsZe e " e " men ei " weigh i " i " pin au) ., > as o in oone o " o " pom/ 0/ w " oo " 6oofc u as oo in moon t in the middle of a word and u in the middle or at the end of a word are sometimes almost inaudible. The consonants are all sounded, as in English : g, how- ever, has only the hard sound, as in give, although the nasal ng is often heard; ch and s are always soft, as in check and sin; and z before u has the sound of dz. In the case of double consonants, each one must be given its full sound. There are as many syllables as vowels. There is prac- tically no accent; but care must be taken to distinguish between o and 6, u and u, of which the second is more prolonged than the first. Be sure to avoid the flat sound of a; it is always pronounced ah. Japanese words, especially names, should almost always be divided into syllables with a vowel at the end of each syllable. The principal exception is in the case of double consonants; then the syllabic division is made between the two consonants: n may also close a syllable. CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION: THE DIVINE AGES The student of Japanese history is confronted at the outset with a serious difficulty. In ancient times the Japanese had no literary script, so that all events had to be handed down from generation to generation by oral tradition. Moreover, the early records made after the introduction of the art of writing were destroyed by fire, so that the only " reliance for information about .... antiquity" has to be placed in the Kojiki (" Records of Ancient Matters") 1 and in the Nihongi (" Chronicles of Japan"). 2 The former, completed in 712 a.d., is written in a purer Japanese style; while the latter, finished in 720 a.d., is "much more tinctured with Chinese philosophy": though differing in some details, they are practically concordant and supply the data upon which Japanese "history" has been constructed. In accordance with our present purpose, it seems best, following the illustrious example of Arnold in Roman his- tory, to treat the more or less mythological periods in the form in which they have been handed down in tradition, and thus preserve "the spirit of the people," as reflected in the legends. As Dr. Murray puts it, "Yet the events of the earlier period which have been preserved for us by oral tradition are capable, with due care and inspection, of furnishing important lessons and disclosing many facts in regard to the lives and characteristics of the primitive 1 See Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan, Vol. X, Supplement. 2 See Supplement, Proceedings of the Japan Society, London. 1 2 A SHORT HISTORY OF JAPAN Japanese." 1 Therefore, without attempting to indulge specially in "higher criticism/' which has not yet accom- plished its much-needed work in the field of Japanese history, we shall rather endeavor to present that history, so far as possible, in Japanese dress and from the Japanese point of view. And we must surely admit the continuity of Japanese history as illustrated in the "unbroken line of illustrious sovereigns," who, for at least eighteen or twenty centuries, have formed the oldest continuous dynasty in the world. Another point of extraordinary importance is that, in all the history of Japan since the beginning, the country "has never once felt the shame of foreign conquest." And this unusual fact is regarded by many as an indubitable proof, not merely of the " divine right," but also of the "divine descent," of the Japanese emperors. " To the end of time each Mikado is the son of the [sun-] goddess." The spirit of the divine ancestors still holds sway. Although Charles I of England paid with his life the penalty of insisting too vigorously and too prac- tically upon the exemplification of the theory of "the divine right of the king," no Stuart ever even dreamed of the applications to which it could be put in Japan. And the theory of divinity extended also to the land itself; for a Japanese poet (Hitomaro) once wrote the following lines: Japan is not a land where men need pray, For 'tis itself divine. There are various plans by which we may portion off Japanese history. In a very general way, we may make the following three divisions: Ancient: Imperialism (patriarchal). Mediaeval: Feudalism (military). Modern: Imperialism (constitutional). 1 Japan, in "The Story of the Nations" series. INTRODUCTION: THE DIVINE AGES 3 Brinkley, in his encyclopedic work, 1 writes as follows: There are, in fact, six great divisions of Japanese history: first, the patriarchal age, when the sovereign was only the head of a group of tribal chiefs, each possessing a hereditary share of the governing power; secondly, a brief period, from the middle of the seventh to the early part of the eighth century, when the tribal chiefs had disappeared and the Throne was approxi- mately autocratic; thirdly, an interval of some eighty years, called the Nara Epoch, during which the propagandism of Buddhism and the development of the material and artistic civilization that came in that religious train engrossed the attention of the nation; fourthly, the Heian Epoch, a period of three centuries, when the Court in Kyoto ruled vicariously through the Fujiwara family; fifthly, the age of military feudalism, from the beginning of the twelfth to the middle of the nineteenth century, when the administrative power was grasped by soldier nobles; and sixthly, the present, or Meiji Epoch, of constitutional monarchy. Another plan, however, which is more particular and definite, suits our purpose better; but its delimitations must not be taken too literally or its chronology too precisely. Dates will be added, not alone for accuracy, but sometimes merely for convenience.