ALABAMA COURSE OF STUDY MATHEMATICS Eric G. Macl<ey, State Superintendent of Education Alabama State Department of Education For information regarding the Alabama Course of Study: Career and Technical Education and other curriculum materials, contact the Instructional Services Division, Alabama State Department of Education, 3345 Gordon Persons Building, 50 North Ripley Street, Montgomery, Alabama 36104; or by mail to P.O. Box 302101, Montgomery, Alabama 36130-2101; or by telephone at (334) 694-4768. Alabama State Department of Education Eric G. Mackey, State Superintendent of Education The Alabama State Board of Education and the Alabama State Department of Education do not discriminate on the basis of race, color, disability, sex, religion, national origin, or age in their programs, activities, or employment and provide equal access to the Boy Scouts and other designated youth groups. The following person is responsible for handling inquiries regarding the non-discrimination policies: Title IX Coordinator, Alabama State Department of Education, P.O. Box 302101, Montgomery, AL 36130-2101, telephone (334) 694-4717. 2019 Alabama Course of Study: Mathematics 2019 Alabama Course of Study Mathematics Eric G. Mackey State Superintendent of Education 2019 Alabama Course of Study: Mathematics iii STATE SUPERINTENDENT MEMBERS OF EDUCATION’S MESSAGE of the ALABAMA STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION Dear Educator: Governor Kay Ivey President of the State Board of Education Society and the workplace require that all Alabama students receive a solid foundation of knowledge, skills, and understanding in mathematics. Alabama educators must ----District focus on the teaching of mathematics in ways that enable students to expand professional opportunities, understand I. Jackie Zeigler and critique the world, and experience the joy, wonder, and President Pro Tem beauty of mathematics. To address this goal, the content of the 2019 Alabama Course of Study: Mathematics sets high II. Tracie West standards for all students and reflects changes designed to III. Stephanie W. Bell better meet the needs of students and teachers in the State of Alabama. IV. Yvette Richardson, Ed.D. The 2019 Alabama Course of Study: Mathematics, was V. Ella B. Bell developed by educators and business and community leaders to provide a foundation for building quality VI. Cynthia Sanders McCarty, Ph.D. mathematics programs across the state. Implementing the VII. Jeffery Newman content of this document through appropriate instruction Vice President will enable all Alabama students to be mathematically well-prepared graduates. VIII. Wayne Reynolds, Ed.D. Eric G. Mackey State Superintendent of Education State Superintendent Eric G. Mackey Secretary and Executive Officer 2019 Alabama Course of Study: Mathematics iv 2019 Alabama Course of Study: Mathematics Table of Contents PREFACE .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ix GENERAL INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................1 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................2 POSITION STATEMENTS ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................5 STUDENT MATHEMATICAL PRACTICES ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 10 DIRECTIONS FOR INTERPRETING THE CONTENT STANDARDS FOR GRADES K-8.............................................................................................................................. 14 DIRECTIONS FOR INTERPRETING THE CONTENT STANDARDS FOR HIGH SCHOOL ......................................................................................................................... 15 GRADES K-8 MINIMUM REQUIRED CONTENT GRADES K-2 OVERVIEW............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 17 KINDERGARTEN .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 18 GRADE 1 .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 23 GRADE 2 .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 30 GRADES 3-5 OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 36 GRADE 3 .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 37 GRADE 4 .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 43 GRADE 5 .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 50 GRADES 6-8 OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 57 GRADE 6 .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 60 GRADE 7 .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 67 GRADE 8 .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 74 GRADE 7 ACCELERATED AND GRADE 8 ACCELERATED OVERVIEW ....................................................................................................................................... 81 GRADE 7 ACCELERATED .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 83 GRADE 8 ACCELERATED .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 92 2019 Alabama Course of Study: Mathematics v GRADES 9-12 CONTENT GRADES 9-12 OVERVIEW ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 104 PATHWAYS TO STUDENT SUCCESS ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 104 GEOMETRY WITH DATA ANALYSIS BEFORE ALGEBRA I WITH PROBABILITY ...................................................................................... 105 SUPPORT FOR STRUGGLING STUDENTS ............................................................................................................................................................... 105 SUPPORT FOR PARTICULARLY MOTIVATED AND INTERESTED STUDENTS............................................................................................ 106 SPECIALIZED