In the search for lotte l. lintmeijer lotte effectivePower feedback in Rowing on Uitnodiging power variables Voor het bijwonen van de openbare In search of verdediging van het proefschrift in rowingeffective feedback variables Power in Rowing In search of effective feedback variables door Lotte Lintmeijer op woensdag 18 december 2019 Lotte Lintmeijer was born on September 21, 1986 in Utrecht, The Netherlands. In in Rowing Power om 9.45 in de aula van 2005 she started her bachelor “Psychology” in Utrecht. During her bachelor she followed an honours track in Social Psychology. With her broad interest in inter- de Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, national social issues, psychology and research, she decided to follow a minor in de Boelelaan 1105 te Amsterdam. “International Development Studies” ,including a second bachelor thesis on the communication between children and parents in rural Southern India. Her inter- est for methods and statistics let her decide to do a research master on “Social Na afloop van de verdediging bent and Health Psychology”. u van harte welkom op de receptie. During her studies she was a “full-time” stear and coach at a student rowing club. In search of effective feedback variables of effective In search This is where her interest in the relation between human’s physical and mental performance has arisen. She did her master thesis on the effects of sports on anxiety and depression under the supervision of dr. Jan Houtveen. As a side job, she analysed the clininal effectiveness of long-term treat- Paranimfen ment on the quality of life of patients with severe somatoform disorder at Altrecht, Utrecht. After her master, Sabrina Chettouf she worked on research on unexplained physical complaints at the University of Birmingham, England [email protected] In November 2013, Lotte started her PhD project on optimisation of propulsion in rowing and swimming, of which the rowing part is described in this thesis. The project was a collaboration of the the TU Delft, TU Janka Kuszynski Eindhoven, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, and the Dutch rowing and swimming federation (KNRB and KNZB, respectively). It was funded by the Netherlands Organization of Scientific Research (NWO). During the pro- [email protected] ject Lotte collaborated with several commercial parties and (applied) Universities. The project gave her the opportunity to improve her mathematical skills, while learning more about biomechanics and programming. She currently works as a data scientist and analyst, with a focus on sports and health. Lotte Lintmeijer Lotte L. Lintmeijer [email protected] Lotte L. Lintmeijer Lot-te L. Lintmeijer Power in Rowing In search of effective feedback variables The research presented in this thesis was supported by the Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Science, the Netherlands. This work is part of the research program “Onderzoeksprogramma Sport” with project number 12868, which is partly financed by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO). The printing of this thesis was kindly supported by: ISBN: 978-94-028-1808-6 Cover design: Proefschriftenbalie.nl Lay-out: Steven Bronsveld & Lotte Lintmeijer Printed by: Ipskamp Printing c 2019 Lotte Lintmeijer All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmit- ted in any form or by means, electronic, mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without written per- mission from the author. VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT AMSTERDAM VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT AMSTERDAM VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT AMSTERDAM Power in Rowing Power in Rowing In search of effective feedback variables In search of effective feedback variables In search of effective feedback variables ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van Doctor ter verkrijging van de graad van Doctor aan de Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, teraan verkrijging de Vrije Universiteit van de graad Amsterdam, van Doctor op gezag van de rector magnicifus aanop de gezag Vrije van Universiteit de rector Amsterdam,magnicifus prof.dr. V. Subramaniam, op gezagprof.dr. van V. de Subramaniam, rector magnicifus in het openbaar te verdedigen inprof.dr. het openbaar V. Subramaniam, te verdedigen ten overstaan van de promotiecommissie ten overstaanin het openbaar van de promotiecommissie te verdedigen van de Faculteit der Gedrags- en Bewegingswetenschappen van de Faculteitten overstaan der Gedrags- van de en promotiecommissie Bewegingswetenschappen op woensdag 18 december 2019 om 9.45 uur van deop Faculteit woensdag der 18Gedrags- december en Bewegingswetenschappen 2019 om 9.45 uur in de aula van de universiteit, op woensdagin de aula18 december van de universiteit, 2019 om 9.45 uur De Boelelaan 1105 in deDe aula Boelelaan van de universiteit, 1105 De Boelelaan 1105 door door door Lotte Laura Lintmeijer Lotte Laura Lintmeijer Lotte Laura Lintmeijer geboren te Utrecht geboren te Utrecht geboren te Utrecht promotor: prof.dr. P.J. Beek copromotoren: dr. A.J. van Soest dr. M.J. Hofmijster “The farther backward you can look, the farther forward you can see.” Winston Churchill Contents Dutch Preface (Voorwoord) 13 1 General Introduction 17 2 Mechanical power output in rowing should not be determined from oar forces and oar motion alone 31 3 An accurate estimation of the horizontal acceleration of a rower’s centre of mass using inertial sensors: a validation 49 4 Improved determination of mechanical power output in rowing: Experimental results 63 5 Real-Time Feedback on Mechanical Power Output: Facilitating Crew Rowers’ Compliance With Prescribed Training Intensity 85 6 The effect of real-time feedback on power losses due to velocity fluctuations in steady-state rowing 107 7 Towards determination of power loss at a rowing blade: validation of a new method to estimate blade force characteristics 123 8 Epilogue 145 A The development of an innovative tool for real-time feedback in rowing 161 Summary 171 Dutch Summary (Samenvatting) 175 Bibliography 179 Acknowledgement (Dankwoord) 187 List of publications 192 List of Figures 1.1 Photo finish ............................ 21 19 1.2 Rowing technique ......................... 23 1.3 Velocity fluctuations ........................ 26 21 1.4 Schematic overview of the power balance ............ 27 24 2.1 Schematic diagram of the oar ................... 36 34 2.2 Schematic diagram of the rower ................. 39 37 2.3 Schematic description of the simulation procedure. ....... 43 41 2.4 Comparison of simulation results and measured data ...... 45 43 3.1 Overview of the experimental setup ................ 54 52 3.2 Overview of the placement of the inertial measurement units .. 55 53 3.3 Example of the principal component analysis ........... 58 56 3.4 Typical examples of the centre of mass acceleration determined using different methods ...................... 60 58 3.5 Identity lines of the determined centre of mass accelerations .. 61 59 4.1 Schematic diagram of a rower in an earth-bound frame of reference 68 66 4.2 Schematic diagram of an oar ................... 73 71 4.3 Typical example of the portside and starboard oar angle signals . 76 74 4.4 Typical examples of a rower’s centre of mass acceleration, and boat acceleration and velocity ................... 80 78 4.5 Typical examples of MFo,r and ω o/b ............... 81 79 5.1 Overview of the feedback system ................. 92 90 5.2 Typical examples of power output and target of one rower ... 99 97 6.1 Schematic overview of the design of the study ..........113 111 6.2 Typical example of the acceleration pattern of the boat .....117 115 6.3 Typical examples of power loss due to velocity fluctuations dur- ing coach feedback and multi-modal feedback ..........118 116 6.4 Change in power loss over trials for different groups of rowers ..120 118 7.1 Schematic diagram of an non-deformable oar ..........130 128 7.2 An overview of the experimental setup ..............133 131 7.3 Typical examples of the input variables ..............137 135 7.4 Typical examples of the output variables .............138 136 7.5 Typical examples of the velocity of the blade and associated power140 138 A.1 Schematic overview of the Rowing Coach Cockpit ........167 165 A.2 Schematic overview of the Smartview software platform .....168 166 A.3 Schematic overview of the functions in the Smartview application171 169 9 List of Tables 2.1 Power terms resulting from the simulations . 46 44 2.2 Effect of manipulation of model constants on simulation results 46 44 3.1 Agreement values for the different determined centre of mass accelerations............................ 6260 4.1 Circumscription of the seven rowing conditions . 70 68 4.2 Participants’ characteristics . 71 69 4.3 Descriptives of rowers’ compliance to rowing conditions . 79 77 4.4 Descriptives of Presidual, Prowerand ratiores./rower ........ 7977 5.1 Participants’ characteristics . 93 91 5.2 Descriptives of the prescribed and the actual delivered power output...............................10098 5.3 Statistical values obtained from the multilevel analysis on day- to-day differences in compliance . 101 99 5.4 Descriptive statistics on rowers’ compliance with power-output targets...............................102100 5.5 Statistical values obtained from the multilevel analysis on the effect of additional feedback on power output . 103101 6.1 Participants’ characteristics . 114112 6.2 Descriptive statistics on change