ICCROM-CHA 3 Conservation Forum Series conservation and management of Asia’s heritage conservation and management of Asia’s Traditional Knowledge Systems and the Systems Knowledge Traditional ICCROM-CHA Conservation Forum Series Forum Conservation ICCROM-CHA Traditional Knowledge Systems and the conservation and management of Asia’s heritage Traditional Knowledge Systems and the conservation and management of Asia’s heritage Rice field in Bali, Indonesia by MonicaVolpin (CC0)/Pixabay. Traditional Knowledge Systems and the conservation and management of Asia’s heritage Edited by Gamini Wijesuriya and Sarah Court Forum on the applicability and adaptability of Traditional Knowledge Systems in the conservation and management of heritage in Asia 14–16 December 2015, Thailand Forum managers Dr Gamini Wijesuriya, Sites Unit, ICCROM Dr Sujeong Lee, Cultural Heritage Administration (CHA), Republic of Korea Forum advisors Dr Stefano De Caro, Former Director-General, ICCROM Prof Rha Sun-hwa, Administrator, Cultural Heritage Administration (CHA), Republic of Korea Mr M.R. Rujaya Abhakorn, Centre Director, SEAMEO SPAFA Regional Centre for Archaeology and Fine Arts Mr Joseph King, Unit Director, Sites Unit, ICCROM Kim Yeon Soo, Director International Cooperation Division, Cultural Heritage Administration (CHA), Republic of Korea Traditional Knowledge Systems and the conservation and management of Asia’s heritage Edited by Gamini Wijesuriya and Sarah Court ISBN 978-92-9077-286-6 © 2020 ICCROM International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property Via di San Michele, 13 00153 Rome, Italy www.iccrom.org This publication is available in Open Access under the Attribution Share Alike 3.0 IGO (CCBY-SA 3.0 IGO) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/igo). By using the content of this publication, the users accept to be bound by the terms of use of any future ICCROM Open Access Repository. The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of ICCROM concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The ideas and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors; they are not necessarily those of ICCROM and do not commit the Organization. designbysoapbox.com This volume was produced thanks to the generosity of the Cultural Heritage Administration (CHA), Republic of Korea. Harvesting during an unseasonal snowfall, Ladakh, India, by Tara Sharma. Contents Foreword 8 chapter 5 From karkhanas to the modern Acknowledgements 11 conservation management system in India Sangeeta Bais Introduction 69 Gamini Wijesuriya, Sarah Court 13 chapter 6 Khmer water management in Cambodia: traditional practices and religious associations A Kou Vet and Robert McCarthy 83 Characterising Traditional Knowledge Systems (TKS) chapter 7 The management systems of the Wudang chapter 1 Mountains in China as a Taoist Site and as a World Heritage Site: Implementation of Tri Hita Karana origins and adaptability philosophy for the sustainability Lyu Zhou of the subak irrigation system 95 in Bali, Indonesia Wayan Windia 23 chapter 2 B The diminishing wealth of TKS and Sources for understanding practices: a growing challenge for the Traditional Knowledge Systems sustainability of historic environments and cultural landscapes in Pakistan Anila Naeem 31 chapter 8 Rediscovering TKS in the conservation chapter 3 and management of heritage in India: a bibliographical research Preserving heritage and traditional artisan Radhika Dhumal and craftsmanship skills in Hué, Viet Nam 107 Phan Thanh Hai 47 chapter 9 chapter 4 TKS of India as gleaned from literature Sathyabhama Badhreenath Documenting traditional heritage 143 conservation and management in Sri Lanka Prasanna Ratnayake and Sumedha Mathota 57 chapter 10 Acts of merit: sustainable traditional D practices for heritage conservation and Reconciling Traditional Knowledge management in Ladakh, India Systems and conventional Tara Sharma management systems 151 chapter 15 Towards a framework for analysing C the applicability and adaptability of TKS in heritage management: Benefits of case studies from Nepal Traditional Knowledge Systems Neel Kamal Chapagain 211 chapter 11 chapter 16 TKS for reducing disaster risk and The TKS of Bhutan building resilience in India Pema Rohit Jigyasu 225 165 chapter 12 chapter 17 Insight into the dilemmas facing Ensuring cultural continuity in the face the implementation of TKS in of the recurrent earthquakes in Nepal conservation: the Korean experience Anie Joshi and Kai Weise Sujeong Lee 177 235 chapter 13 chapter 18 The adaptability of TKS to modern The role of TKS in the management of management in Japan: restoration, energy Iranian heritage resources: past and present efficiency, and disaster prevention Saeedeh Hosseini Akiko Umezu 241 189 chapter 14 chapter 19 The applicability and adaptability Harnessing traditional knowledge of TKS in conservation and at Ayutthaya, Thailand: resilience management in New Zealand and sustainable development Jade Hadfield Hatthaya Siriphatthanakun 253 199 Conclusions 263 Biographies 269 List of illustrations 275 8 Foreword This volume comprises the collection of papers presented at the Third Annual ICCROM-CHA Forum on the Applicability and Adaptability of Traditional Knowledge Systems in the Conservation and Management of Heritage in Asia, held in Thailand in December 2015. The Forums took place over a five- year period and were the result of an ongoing collaborative effort between the Cultural Heritage Administration (CHA) of the Republic of Korea and ICCROM. They were conceived as a new thematic programme for developing contextual heritage policy guidance and/or principles for the Asian region. While focusing on Asia in particular and contributing to regional capacity building processes in Asia, the programme also sought to provide benefits to the heritage sector globally. The goals of the thematic programme were: • to explore, research, and debate key themes emerging from the Asian region that have implications for the effective conservation and management of heritage; • to formulate policy guidance notes and/or principles related to the above themes for improved and effective conservation and management of heritage; • to contribute to capacity building efforts in the region. This programme was launched in 2013 in the Republic of Korea. The theme of the first Forum was “Asian Buddhist Heritage: Conserving the Sacred” and its proceedings have already been published. The theme of the second Forum, held in Sri Lanka in 2014, was “Revisiting Authenticity in the Asian Context”; the papers from this Forum were published in 2018. Following this tradition, the theme selected for the third Forum, held in 2015, was “Applicability and Adaptability of Traditional Knowledge Systems in the Conservation and Management of Heritage”. While 9 awaiting the publication of the papers from the fourth Forum, held in 2016 in China, under the theme of “National Conservation Policy”, readers are invited to explore the results of these Forums, as the proceedings were designed to offer an overview of the debates currently taking place among Asian heritage practitioners, in relation to both theoretical frameworks and practical applications. It is widely accepted that those places which are now designated as heritage have been sustained, managed and passed down to us today thanks to associated Traditional Knowledge Systems. This is particularly true in the Asian region, which is extremely rich in such knowledge systems, which, in many instances are now well-documented. However, largely as a result of the introduction of modern conservation approaches, less and less attention has been paid to traditional approaches, resulting, in many cases, in their marginalisation and gradual disappearance all over the world. Nevertheless, many Traditional Knowledge Systems, especially in Asia, have survived the test of time and are still in practice today. Many heritage sites are still managed through customary law, which draws on various elements of existing social structures. The resources required for the continuity of heritage sites, in the form of human and other resources, are provided by members of social groups who also bring their knowledge, skills and techniques, as well as the necessary materials. Traditional societies have planning schemes in place for their work, setting targets and achieving results through their own systems of activity implementation, using their own resources. It should be noted that, within the natural heritage sector, the sustainability of ecosystems is, to a large extent, linked to the existence of Traditional Knowledge Systems: another sign of the links between nature and culture. The importance of Traditional Knowledge Systems in the conservation and management of cultural and natural 10 heritage has only been recognised very recently. ICCROM’s Living Heritage Sites programme was originally developed in the Asian region and later led to the development of a global programme on People-Centred Approaches to Conservation. It was a response to the need for the living dimension of heritage to be considered central to conservation decision- making at most sites, embracing the role of Traditional Knowledge Systems of local and religious communities in safeguarding heritage. More recently, the World Heritage system