La PEROUSE HEADLAND Botany Bay National Park CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT PLAN STAGE 2 – Final Report [Volume 2 of 3] August2009 prepared by Jill Sheppard Heritage Consultants for the NSW Department of Environment, Climate Change & Water Parks & Wildlife Group Sydney Region STAFF COPY NOTE: Department of Environment, Climate Change & Water name changes In August 2009 subsequent to the finalisation of this report, but before the report was printed, the name of the Department of Environment and Climate Change (DECC) was changed to the Department of Environment, Climate Change & Water (DECCW). Within the DECCW the name of the Parks and Wildlife Group (PWG) was not changed. However, the Cultural Heritage Division (CHD) was also renamed and is now referred to as the Culture & Heritage Division (C&HD). The cover and inside cover pages of this report have been changed to reflect the Departmental name change. However, within the body of the report the terminology referring to the Department of Environment, Climate Change & Water and it’s subdivisions remains in the pre- August 2009 nomenclature. ISBN 978 1 74122 987 5 DECC 2008/524 La PEROUSE HEADLAND Botany Bay National Park CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT PLAN STAGE 2 – Final Report [Volume 2 of 3] August 2009 See also Volume 1: La Perouse Headland – A Shared History prepared by Dan Tuck, 2006 (amended 2008) & Volume 3: La Perouse Headland, Building and Site Inventory prepared by Jill Sheppard Heritage Consultants for the NSW Department of Environment, Climate Change & Water Parks & Wildlife Group Sydney Region A companion volume underlying the findings of this report is: La Perouse Headland CMP Community consultation and social values assessment Stage 2, Draft Report, July 2008 prepared by Context Pty Ltd Cover includes photographs arranged by Dan Tuck and presented in the La Perouse Headland – A Shared History as well as photographs presented in this report. La Perouse Headland CMP Stage 2 – Final Report Volume 2 Contents Page Executive Summary....................................................................................................................i- xii 1.0 Introduction ...........................................................................................................................1 1.1 This Stage 2 Report ................................................................................................................1 1.2 Introduction .............................................................................................................................1 1.3 The Purpose of this CMP........................................................................................................2 1.4 Methodology............................................................................................................................3 1.5 Limitations...............................................................................................................................4 1.6 Location & Study Area ............................................................................................................5 1.7 Terminology ............................................................................................................................7 1.8 Heritage Listings .....................................................................................................................7 1.9 Acknowledgements.................................................................................................................9 1.10 Study Team.........................................................................................................................10 2.0 Historical & Environmental Background ..................................................................................11! 2.1 Historical Background ...........................................................................................................11! 2.2 Environmental Background...................................................................................................11! 2.2.1 Botany Bay ...................................................................................................................11! 2.2.2 La Perouse Headland Area ..........................................................................................12! 2.2.3 Bare Island....................................................................................................................12! 2.3 Environment..........................................................................................................................12! 2.3.1 The Land.......................................................................................................................12! 2.3.2 The Sea ........................................................................................................................14! 3.0 Buildings & Structures ...................................................................................... 17 3.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................................................17 4.0 Aboriginal Archaeology..............................................................................................................19 4.1 Regional Archaeology...........................................................................................................19 4.2 Local Archaeological Background.........................................................................................24 La Perouse Headland, Conservation Management Plan, April 2009 La Perouse Headland CMP Stage 2 – Final Report 4.3 La Perouse Headland Area...................................................................................................26 4.4 Previous Investigations/Recordings/Significance Assessments...........................................26 4.5 Current Study - Field Inspections Findings ...........................................................................27 4.6 Field Verification of the Locations of the Recorded sites ......................................................31 4.7 Findings ................................................................................................................................35 5.0 Historical Archaeology....................................................................................................... 37 5.1 Surviving Occupation Evidence ............................................................................................37 5.2 Previously Identified Archaeological Sites ............................................................................43 6.0 Contextual Analysis ........................................................................................................... 47 6.1 The Macquarie Watchtower ..................................................................................................47 6.1.1 The First Redoubt.........................................................................................................47 6.1.2 The Dawes Point Battery..............................................................................................47 6.1.3 Fort Phillip.....................................................................................................................48 6.1.4 Fort Macquarie .............................................................................................................48 6.1.5 Fort Denison .................................................................................................................50 6.1.6 Billy Blue’s tower ..........................................................................................................51 6.1.7 The Port Arthur Guard Tower .......................................................................................53 6.2 Contextual Synthesis findings for the Macquarie Watchtower..............................................53 6.3 The Cable Station .................................................................................................................55 6.3.1 Telegraph .....................................................................................................................55 6.3.2 Submarine Telegraph Technology ...............................................................................55 6.3.3 Closing the gap.............................................................................................................56 6.4 The New Zealand Submarine Line .......................................................................................58 6.5 Trans-Pacific Telegraph Cable .............................................................................................58 6.6 Gentlemen in the Pacific Service ..........................................................................................59 6.7 Architectural Comparison of Cable Station Buildings ...........................................................64 La Perouse Headland, Conservation Management Plan, April 2009 La Perouse Headland CMP Stage 2 – Final Report 6.8 The Laperouse Monument & the Tomb ................................................................................69 6.9 The Historical Rock Carving..................................................................................................69 6.10 The Bare Island Fortress Context .......................................................................................70 6.10.1 The Late 18th and Early 19th Century Approach to Fixed Defence Works................70 6.10.2 Australia’s Earliest