State of the Report Environment GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA OF BERMUDA GOVERNMENT 2005 Ministry of the Environment State of the Environment Report Government of Bermuda Ministry of the Environment 2005 the Department of Communication & Information the Department & Information of Communication y oduced b Printed in Bermuda by Island Press Ltd. Island Press by Printed in Bermuda 10/2005 Pr Lst Fnl Plan- State of Env IP 11/29/05 3:27 PM Page i Contents Foreword by the Minister of the Environment .................................xiii Acknowledgements ........................................................xiv Introduction State of the Environment reporting . .xvii Overview of Bermuda . .xviii SECTION 1: NATURAL RESOURCES AND BIODIVERSITY 1.0 Climate and Air 1.1 Climate and Weather . .1 1.2 Oceanography ..........................................................8 1.3 Air Quality . .10 1.4 Summary ..............................................................14 2.0 The Geology of Bermuda 2.1 Geology . .17 2.2 Topography and Geomorphology . .18 2.3 Summary . .19 3.0 Fresh Water Resources 3.1 Hydrogeology . .21 3.2 Water Use,Water Resources and Water Treatment . .23 3.3 Roof and Tank Systems . .26 3.4 Summary . .31 i Lst Fnl Plan- State of Env IP 11/29/05 3:27 PM Page ii 4.0 Biodiversity and Habitats 4.1 Introduction . .33 4.2 Marine Habitats . .35 4.3 Terrestrial Habitats and Biodiversity . .47 4.4 Summary . .61 5.0 Energy 5.1 Current Energy Sources . .67 5.2 Potential Future Energy Sources . .70 5.3 Summary . .75 SECTION 2: RESOURCE USES AND MANAGEMENT 6.0 Land Use and Open Space 6.1 Land Uses . .77 6.2 Land Use Change . .79 6.3 Open Space Provision . .81 6.4 Land Use Planning . .84 6.5 Coastal Development . .86 6.6 Summary . .89 7.0 Historic Sites and Buildings 7.1 Bermudian Architecture . .91 7.2 Listed Buildings and Historic Areas . .91 7.3 Fortifications . .97 7.4 Archaeology . .100 7.5 Summary . .103 8.0 Agriculture and Plant Protection 8.1 Agriculture . .105 8.2 Plant Protection . .116 8.3 Summary . .117 ii Lst Fnl Plan- State of Env IP 11/29/05 3:27 PM Page iii 9.0 Marine Resources 9.1 Threats to the Marine Environment . .119 9.2 Fisheries . .123 9.3 Marine Protected Areas . .130 9.4 Current Research Programmes . .135 9.5 Future Research and Legislation . .141 9.6 Summary . .141 10.0 Air and Land Transport 10.1 Air Traffic and the Airport . .145 10.2 Land Transport . .148 10.3 Summary . .159 11.0 Marine Transport and the Marine Environment 11.1 Cruise Ships . .161 11.2 Overseas Shipping . .165 11.3 Local Marine Transport . .167 11.4 Summary . .171 SECTION 3: WASTE MANAGEMENT AND POLLUTION 12.0 Waste Management and Pollution 12.1 Solid Waste . .173 12.2 Wastewater and Sewage . .182 12.3 Summary . .192 13.0 Noise Pollution 13.1 What is Noise Pollution? . .195 13.2 Noise Control and Legislation . .197 13.3 Summary . .200 iii Lst Fnl Plan- State of Env IP 11/29/05 3:27 PM Page iv SECTION 4: PEST CONTROL AND INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES 14.0 Pest Control 14.1 Mosquitoes . .201 14.2 Vermin . .206 14.3 Summary . .208 15.0 Invasive Alien Species 15.1 The Impact of Invasive Alien Species . .211 15.2 A History of Alien Invasions in Bermuda . .212 15.3 Current Invasive Alien Species . .216 15.4 Regulatory Framework . .219 15.5 Summary . .222 SECTION 5: SUMMARY AND FUTURE MONITORING 16.0 Summary and Future Monitoring 16.1 Summary of Key Issues . .225 16.2 Future Monitoring and Next Steps . ..