Nova Southeastern University NSUWorks Department of Conflict Resolution Studies Theses and Dissertations HCAS Student Theses and Dissertations 2021 Post-Conflict rT ansition in Chile: Considerations for Dealing with a Resistant Armed Forces Patrick Paterson Follow this and additional works at: https://nsuworks.nova.edu/shss_dcar_etd Part of the International Relations Commons, and the Military History Commons Share Feedback About This Item This Dissertation is brought to you by the HCAS Student Theses and Dissertations at NSUWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Department of Conflict Resolution Studies Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of NSUWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Post-Conflict Transition in Chile: Considerations for Dealing with a Resistant Armed Forces by Patrick Paterson A Dissertation Presented to the Halmos College of Arts and Sciences of Nova Southeastern University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Nova Southeastern University 2021 Nova Southeastern University Halmos College of Arts and Sciences This dissertation was submitted by Patrick Paterson under the direction of the chair of the dissertation committee listed below. It was submitted to the Halmos College of Arts and Sciences and approved in partial fulfillment for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Conflict Analysis and Resolution at Nova Southeastern University. Approved: Acknowledgments Sincere thanks to Dr. Alexia Georgakopoulos, my dissertation advisor at Nova Southeastern University, for guiding me through the lengthy process. We had numerous discussions on how to craft the research design, conduct the data collection and analysis, and present the findings. Having an experienced conflict resolution scholar like herself as an advisor helped me put the myriad components of the dissertation into a logical and coherent sequence. Her advice forced me to reflect carefully on the content and structure until I got it right. I’d also like to thank my wife Emily for being supportive of the long doctoral program. At times, the program seemed interminable – particularly when raising two boys and working full time at National Defense University (NDU) - but Emily provided a grounded and lucid perspective through the whole process. Like trekking to the top of a 5,000-meter peak, she was by my side every step of the way, shouldering the burden at home when I tired, and reminding me to keep my eyes on the reward at the end of the academic marathon. Table of Contents List of Tables .................................................................................................................. vi List of Figures ................................................................................................................ vii Abstract ......................................................................................................................... viii Chapter 1: Introduction .................................................................................................... 1 Problem statement ....................................................................................................... 3 Research Objectives .................................................................................................... 4 Theory ......................................................................................................................... 4 Civil-military relations theory................................................................................ 5 Phenomenology........................................................................................................... 8 Negotiation Theory ..................................................................................................... 9 Chapter 2: Literature Review ......................................................................................... 12 RQ1: Phenomenological perspective of Chilean military officers ........................... 12 Conditions in Chile .............................................................................................. 15 How Excessive Loyalty can be Bad ..................................................................... 16 Military Loyalty in Chile ..................................................................................... 17 RQ2: Institutional Autonomy of the Chilean Military .............................................. 18 Defining military institutional autonomy............................................................. 19 The dangers of too much military institutional autonomy ................................... 21 Military Governments .......................................................................................... 23 Democracy returns to Latin America ................................................................... 26 Contemporary civil-military relations in Latin America ..................................... 28 RQ3: Negotiation techniques with the Chilean Military .......................................... 30 i Military Interests in Chile .................................................................................... 31 Protecting military prerogatives ........................................................................... 33 Negotiating with the military ............................................................................... 34 Transition to Democracy in Chile ........................................................................ 35 Human Rights Accountability.............................................................................. 37 Transitional Justice and the Search for Truth ...................................................... 39 Justice for Victims ............................................................................................... 40 Reconciliation ...................................................................................................... 41 Rationale for a Qualitative Analysis ......................................................................... 43 Chapter 3: Methodology ................................................................................................ 45 Case Study as a Methodology ................................................................................... 47 Multiple sources and Triangulation ..................................................................... 48 Ensuring High Quality Analysis .......................................................................... 50 Case Study Protocol of the Chilean Military ............................................................ 53 Case Study of Chile .................................................................................................. 58 Background .......................................................................................................... 59 The Military Takeover ......................................................................................... 66 The Chilean Military Solidifies Control .............................................................. 71 Chilean Military Growth ...................................................................................... 73 The 1980 Constitution Consolidates Military Control......................................... 75 The National Security Council............................................................................. 81 The Military Government of the 1980s ............................................................... 83 Transition to Democracy ...................................................................................... 84 ii Rolling Back Military Prerogatives ..................................................................... 90 Taking Civilian Control of the Chilean Ministry of Defense .............................. 95 Presidential or Congressional Ability to Name and Fire Senior Military Commanders .......................................................................................... 98 Accountability for Human Rights Violations .................................................... 100 Pinochet in London ............................................................................................ 107 Further Rollbacks of Military Autonomy .......................................................... 108 Final Reforms to make the Chilean Military Subordinate to Civilian Officials ................................................................................................ 111 Complementary Study #1 of Case Study – Phenomenological Analysis of Interviews ............................................................................................ 113 Elements of Transcendental Phenomenology .................................................... 116 Expectations for the Interviews ......................................................................... 117 Interviews with Chilean Military Officials ............................................................. 119 Phenomenological Data Analysis ........................................................................... 130 Findings and Analysis for Complementary Study #1 ............................................. 136 Composite Theme from Complementary Study #1 ........................................... 157 Complementary Study #2 of Case Study – Content Analysis of Chilean Military Publications ............................................................................................... 159 Research Design - Content analysis