NEW INTEGRATED KNOWLEDGE BASED NIKER APPROACHES TO THE PROTECTION OF CULTURAL Grant Agreement n° HERITAGE FROM EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED RISK 244123 Deliverable 3.1 Inventory of earthquake-induced failure mechanisms related to construction types, structural elements, and materials Due date: April 2010 Submission date: September 2010 Issued by: POLIMI WORKPACKAGE 3: Damage based selection of technologies Leader: POLIMI PROJECT N°: 244123 ACRONYM: NIKER TITLE: New integrated knowledge based approaches to the protection of cultural heritage from earthquake-induced risk COORDINATOR: Università di Padova (Italy) START DATE: 01 January 2010 START DATE: 01 January 2010 INSTRUMENT: Collaborative Project Small or medium scale focused research project THEME: Environment (including Climate Change) Dissemination level: PU Rev: FIN NEW INTEGRATED KNOWLEDGE BASED NIKER APPROACHES TO THE PROTECTION OF CULTURAL Grant Agreement n° HERITAGE FROM EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED RISK 244123 INDEX INDEX ............................................................................................................................................... 1 1 2 2 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 3 2.1 Description and objectives of the workpackage ................................................................. 3 2.2 Objectives and structure of the deliverable ........................................................................ 3 3 SEISMIC DAMAGES ................................................................................................................. 4 3.1 General consideration ........................................................................................................ 7 3.2 The seismic behaviour of existing masonry buildings: morphology of damages and failure mechanisms .................................................................................................................................. 9 3.2.1 In-plane behaviour ........................................................................................................ 10 3.2.2 Out-of-plane behaviour ................................................................................................. 12 3.3 Masonry typologies and masonry quality ......................................................................... 17 3.4 Building typologies ............................................................................................................ 20 4 COMPONENT TYPOLOGIES AND DAMAGE MECHANISMS .............................................. 27 4.1 Masonry walls and pillars ................................................................................................. 27 4.1.1 Masonry typologies ....................................................................................................... 27 4.1.2 Damage mechanisms ................................................................................................... 57 4.2 Arches / Vaults / Domes ................................................................................................... 74 4.2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 74 4.2.2 Typologies ..................................................................................................................... 77 4.3 Floors ................................................................................................................................ 91 4.3.1 Wooden floor typologies ............................................................................................... 92 4.3.2 Other typologies .......................................................................................................... 102 4.4 Roofs .............................................................................................................................. 103 4.5 Sub assemblages (wall-wall, wall-floor, etc.) / connections ............................................ 107 5 BUILDING TYPOLOGIES AND DAMAGE MECHANISM .................................................... 114 5.1 Isolated buildings ............................................................................................................ 114 5.1.1 Earth constructions ..................................................................................................... 114 5.2 Row buildings ................................................................................................................. 117 5.3 Complex buildings .......................................................................................................... 124 5.4 Palaces ........................................................................................................................... 125 5.5 Churches ........................................................................................................................ 125 5.6 Slender buildings (towers, minarets) .............................................................................. 131 6 COLLAPSE MECHANISMS OF REPAIRED BUILDINGS ................................................... 134 6.1 Traditional repair techniques .......................................................................................... 134 Damage based selection of technologies D3.1 1 NEW INTEGRATED KNOWLEDGE BASED NIKER APPROACHES TO THE PROTECTION OF CULTURAL Grant Agreement n° HERITAGE FROM EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED RISK 244123 6.1.1 Earth constructions ..................................................................................................... 139 6.2 Modern repair techniques ............................................................................................... 141 6.2.1 Earthen buildings ........................................................................................................ 144 7 REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................... 148 ANNEX 1 – SEISMIC DAMAGE ABACUS ANNEX 2 – Partners contribution Damage based selection of technologies D3.1 2 NEW INTEGRATED KNOWLEDGE BASED NIKER APPROACHES TO THE PROTECTION OF CULTURAL Grant Agreement n° HERITAGE FROM EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED RISK 244123 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 DESCRIPTION AND OBJECTIVES OF THE WORKPACKAGE WP3, in general, is aimed to the collection of information for increasing the existing state of knowledge linking earthquake induced failure mechanisms, construction types and materials, interventions, assessment techniques. According to the project document, other aims of the WP are the follow: Development of concepts for materials and intervention techniques based on the structured database; definition of the main design parameters and requirements for materials and intervention techniques; Definition of the main on-site control techniques and strategies; Development of advanced materials and improved techniques for intervention and to produce/assemble those required for testing and case studies; Development of laboratory procedures and choice of parameters for the final validation of the durability, compatibility, and effectiveness of new techniques and materials; Parameterization of all the above mentioned information to set the basis of optimized design and required laboratory testing in following WPs. 1.2 OBJECTIVES AND STRUCTURE OF THE DELIVERABLE The aim of the Deliverable D3.1 is to produce an inventory of earthquake-induced failure mechanisms related to construction types, structural elements, and materials. Information was collected by the partner expertise and in literature in order to amplify the case histories. The analysis of the information was carried out the base of the state of the art, clustering masonry, component and building typologies, in order to recognise characteristic behaviours and recursive damages. The deliverable starts from a general description of the seismic behaviour of masonry buildings, stressing differences between theoretical approaches and real behaviour surveyed after the recent earthquakes. The analysis explores open topics within the international debate like the problem of the agglomerate of buildings and of the real behaviour of modern strengthening/repair techniques, mainly r.c. addition. Concerning this topic the most recent applications of new techniques are not considered, being not already present meaningful case histories in literature. Annex 1 details all the damage mechanisms, related to masonry typologies, components, and building typologies. Annex 2 includes all the partners contributions, summarized in the deliverable. Damage based selection of technologies D3.1 3 NEW INTEGRATED KNOWLEDGE BASED NIKER APPROACHES TO THE PROTECTION OF CULTURAL Grant Agreement n° HERITAGE FROM EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED RISK 244123 2 SEISMIC DAMAGES Through the different ages of architectural history, earthquakes have always represented one of the main causes of damage and losses of cultural heritage, both monumental buildings and historic centres. Post earthquake damage observation is a remarkable source of information on the recurrent damage patterns. The damages observed in various countries due to recent earthquakes (e.g. Umbria-Marche, Italy (1997-98), Açores, Portugal (1998), Andravida, Greece (2008), Abruzzo, Italy (2009), etc. …), as well as the results of both experimental and analytical research carried out in the ‘90s, have proven that there is an urgent need for improved knowledge of the seismic behaviour of old masonry