Final Report The Study on the Road Network Development in the Kingdom of Cambodia October 2006 CHAPTER A-5 EXISTING TRAFFIC CONDITIONS 5.1 Traffic Accident Survey and Analysis 5.1.1 Road Traffic Accidents in Cambodia (1) General Situation Table 5.1.1 and Figure 5.1.1 show the annual number of road traffic accidents, fatalities, injuries and incidents by type of road user from 2000 to 2004. In 2004, there were 4,255 road accidents which resulted in 1,042 fatalities and 6,925 injuries. Since 2000, the number of road traffic accidents has significantly increased, even though there was a minor decrease in 2001 compared to the previous year. During this 5-year period, the number of accidents, fatalities and injuries has increased 1.4 times, 2.6 times and 1.6 times, respectively. This indicates that the number of serious accidents, causing death, is growing remarkably. Table 5.1.1 Road Traffic Accidents in Cambodia (2000-2004) Number Severity of Injures (persons) Number of Damage by Type of Road User Number of Injures Number of Vehicle Pede- Year of Accident Fatalities Not Light Heavy Motor- strian Vehicle Serious Total Bicycle Other total (Times) Serious Vehicle Vehicle cycle (persons) 2000 331,904 2,951 401 1,998 2,391 4,389 824 243 2,171 - 219 3,457 93 2001 383,017 2,669 459 1,771 2,413 4,184 858 257 2,608 - 336 4,059 79 2002 410,027 3,335 535 2,113 3,188 5,301 1,379 340 3,579 187 223 5,708 438 2003 447,428 3,760 824 2,714 3,615 6,329 1,697 332 3,909 239 399 6,576 688 2004 485,612 4,255 1,042 3,185 3,740 6,925 2,001 403 4,391 362 379 7,536 803 Source : Land Transport Department, MPWT Traffic Accident in Cambodia ( 2000 - 2004 ) 8,000 7,000 Accidents 6,000 Injures 5,000 Fatalities 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 Number of Accidents 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Year Source : Land Transport Department, MPWT Figure 5.1.1 Road Traffic Accident in Cambodia (2000-2004) MP-A-5-1 Final Report The Study on the Road Network Development in the Kingdom of Cambodia October 2006 (2) International Comparison In order to boost what the economic integration in the region accelerates, all ASEAN countries agreed to set up a target to reduce the number of road traffic accidents, as follows: - Stage 1 : reducing fatality rate to 10.0 by 2004 - Stage 2 : reducing fatality rate to 7.0 by 2010 - Stage 3 : reducing fatality rate to 2.0 by 2020 (Note: the fatality rate is the number of fatalities per 10,000 vehicles.) As an international comparison, Figure 5.1.2 shows the trend in the fatality rate by road traffic accidents from 2000 to 2004 for Cambodia, Thailand, Vietnam and Japan. This comparison indicates that the traffic accident situation in Cambodia is extremely serious. The fatality rate for Thailand has remained at approximately five over the past five years. This is already below the ASEAN target. Since 2002, the fatality rate for Vietnam has reduced towards the target, and in 2004 the rate reached 10.1. However, the fatality rate for Cambodia has rapidly increased since 2002, and exceeded 20 in 2004. The situation in Cambodia definitely suggests that the number of traffic accidents is one of the major issues to be improved in the road transportation sector and effective measures for traffic safety shall be included in the master plan for the road network. International Comparsion of Fatality Rate ( = Fatalities / 10,000 vehicles) 25 Cambodia ASEAN Countries Target by 2010 Thailand 20 Fatality Rate : less than 7.0 Vietnam 15 Japan 10 Fatality Rates Fatality 5 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Year Road Traffic Fatality Rates Source Year Cambodia Thailand Vietnam Japan Cambodia : Land Transport Department, MPWT 2000 12.08 5.75 10.77 1.21 Thailand : Thailand Road Safety Action Plan 2004-2008 2001 11.98 5.16 11.73 1.16 Vienam: National Traffic Safety Committee, Vienam 2002 13.05 5.35 11.76 1.00 Japan: Traffic Bureau of National Police Agency, Japn 2003 18.42 5.41 9.39 1.00 2004 21.46 - 8.34 0.95 Figure 5.1.2 International Comparison of Fatality Rate by Road Traffic Accidents MP-A-5-2 Final Report The Study on the Road Network Development in the Kingdom of Cambodia October 2006 (3) Characteristics of Accidents 1) Accidents by Transportation Mode Damage by Type of Road User (2004) Figure 5.1.3 shows the percentage of incidents by total number : 8,339 type of road user in 2004. The number of motorcycle incidents accounts for 52.7% of the Pedestrian total number of incidents. In fact, 90.9% of all 4.5% Other Light 9.6% incidents (4,235 incidents) in 2004 were related to Vehicle 24.0% motorcycles, and 86.5% of all fatalities (1,042 Bicycle Heavy 4.3% Vehicle persons) and 84.3% of injuries (6,925 persons) 4.8% were motorcycle drivers or passengers. Under these circumstances, countermeasures for the Motorcycle 52.7% reduction of fatal accidents involving motorcycles are essential for traffic safety. Source : Land Transport Department, MPWT Figure 5.1.4 shows the percentage of motorcycle Figure 5.1.3 Incidents by Transportation collisions by transportation mode based on the Mode (2004) number of accidents and fatalities in 2004. With regard to motorcycle accidents in Cambodia, the number of motorcycle collisions accounts for approximately 50%. Based on the number of fatalities by motorcycle, 47.4% were caused by collisions with other motorcycles and 34.8% were collisions with other automobiles. Collision Type of Motorbike Accident (2004) Number of Accident Number of Fatalities (Total : 3,886) (Total : 901) Other Bicycle Other Bicycle 2.3% 2.0% 1.7% 6.9% by by Pedestrian Pedestrian themselves themselves 8.1% 5.8% 7.6% 7.6% Heavy Heavy Vehicle Vehicle 13.0% 5.6% Light Track Light Track Motorcycle Motorcycle 6.3% 10.4% 48.0% 47.4% Passenger Car 15.1% Passenger Car 11.4% Source : Land Transport Department, MPWT Figure 5.1.4 Motorcycle Collisions (2004) MP-A-5-3 Final Report The Study on the Road Network Development in the Kingdom of Cambodia October 2006 2) Major Causes of Accidents Cause of Accident (2004) Based on the accident data analysis of the Land total number of accident : 4,255 Transport Department of the MPWT shown in Road Condition and Figure 5.1.5, road traffic accidents in Insufficient Other Traffic Sign 3.4% Cambodia are mainly due to driving errors 1.1% Mechanical caused by the road users. In Cambodia, the road Problem infrastructure, particularly the 1-Digit national 3.3% roads, has been significantly improved over the Alcohol Abuse last decade. Therefore, road users tend to speed 9.3% Non Respect up under light traffic conditions. Dangerous Give Way Speed Over Rules overtaking, poor road observations and the 24.9% 58.0% misuse of lanes by trucks, buses and passenger cars involves the slower speed vehicles such as motorcycles in accidents under mixed traffic Source : Land Transport Department, MPWT situations. Figure 5.1.5 Cause of Accidents (2004) This situation suggests that the enforcement of traffic regulations and traffic education for the road users are essential for the reduction of traffic accidents. In parallel with these measures, a number of engineering measures, such as the improvement of road surface conditions including pavement shoulders, improved geometric design of the roads, installation of traffic signs and road markings, and the introduction of traffic signals on the major intersections, among others, are still necessary. 3) Casualties by Type of Road User Fatalities and Injures by Type of Road User (2004) As shown in Figure 5.1.6, 15.1% of all fatalities (1,042 persons) and 9.3% of all Fatalities (total : 1,042 persons) Injures (total : 6,925 persons) injuries (6,925 persons) in 2004 were to Pedestrian Pedestrian pedestrians who are the weakest road 15.1% 9.3% users. Considering that the percentage of Passenger Passenger 28.7% casualties to pedestrians in Thailand and Driver Driver 57.3% 27.6% Vietnam is around 5%, the percentage of 61.9% pedestrian incidents in Cambodia is considered to be at a high level. Source : Land Transport Department, MOW Traffic education for school children and Figure 5.1.6 Fatalities and Injuries by the introduction of infrastructure Type of Road User (2004) measures, such as guardrails and pedestrian bridges on the road sections where traffic volumes are a high, will be introduced in the next stage of the road network development plan. MP-A-5-4 Final Report The Study on the Road Network Development in the Kingdom of Cambodia October 2006 5.1.2 Road Traffic Accidents on Major National Roads (1) National Roads Selected for the Road Accident Survey The Study Team selected the following four 1-Digit national roads and conducted interview surveys for the accidents which occurred in 2004: a. NR.1 (Phnom Penh – Vietnam Border: 160.6 km) b. NR.4 (Phnom Penh – Sihanouk Ville: 217.7 km) c. NR.5 (Phnom Penh – Poipet: 411.0 km) d. NR.6A ~ NR.6 ~ NR.7 (Phnom Penh – Kratie: 334.5 km) The criteria for selecting the survey routes were 1) they should be major routes not only in Cambodia but in the Mekong Region, and 2) the rehabilitation program has been completed on the route. The accident data was collected from the provincial traffic police and the district traffic police directory.