Human-Computer Interaction Course Notes Version of 18 May 2021 Ao.Univ.-Prof. Dr. Keith Andrews ISDS Graz University of Technology Inffeldgasse 16c A-8010 Graz [email protected] https://courses.isds.tugraz.at/hci/hci.pdf Copyright 2021 by Keith Andrews, except as otherwise noted. Contents Contents i List of Figures v List of Tables ix Preface xi Credits xiii 1 Human-Computer Interaction1 2 The Psychology of Usable Things5 2.1 The Psychopathology of Everyday Things . .6 2.2 The Psychology of Everyday Things . 17 2.3 The Psychopathology of Computers . 34 2.4 Interface Hall of Shame . 36 2.5 User-Centered Design . 40 3 Usability Engineering 41 3.1 Defining Usability . 42 3.2 Usability Evaluation . 44 3.3 The Usability Engineering Lifecycle . 47 3.4 Planning Usability Activities . 50 4 User Research 51 4.1 Classifying Users . 51 4.2 Research the Frames of Reference . 53 4.3 Focus on Researching the End User . 54 5 Usability Benchmarking 57 5.1 Competitive Analysis . 58 5.2 Set Usability Targets . 58 5.3 Return on Investment . 58 6 Interaction Design 59 6.1 Creating Personas . 63 6.2 Video: Illustrating the Persona Design Process . 70 6.3 Defining Goals for each Persona . 70 i 6.4 Defining Scenarios for each Persona . 71 6.5 Moving to a Design Solution . 71 6.6 Getting Ideas from Your Users . 73 6.7 Follow Conventions . 73 6.8 User Interface Patterns . 78 7 Prototyping 81 7.1 Types of Prototype . 82 7.2 Verbal Prototypes . 82 7.3 Low-Fidelity Paper Prototypes . 82 7.4 High-Fidelity Paper Prototypes . 86 7.5 Interactive Prototypes . 86 7.6 Working Prototypes . 89 7.7 Implementation . 90 8 Usability Inspection Methods 91 8.1 Heuristic Evaluation . 92 8.2 Severity Ratings . 100 8.3 Guideline Checking . 101 8.4 Guideline Scoring . 103 8.5 Cognitive Walkthrough . 105 8.6 Action Analysis . 109 9 Usability Testing Methods 111 9.1 Preparing for Usability Testing . 114 9.2 Six Stages of Conducting a Test . 121 9.3 Thinking Aloud Tests . 132 9.4 Co-Discovery Tests . 135 9.5 Formal Experiments . 135 9.6 A/B Testing . 139 9.7 Post-Test Interviews . 143 9.8 Post-Test Questionnaires . 144 9.9 Usage Studies . 147 9.10 Remote Usability Testing . 149 10 Usability in Practice 153 10.1 Comparison of Evaluation Techniques . 153 10.2 Discount Usability Engineering . 154 10.3 Differences in Evaluation Practices . 154 10.4 Usability Reporting Formats . 160 10.5 Agile UX . 161 10.6 Professional UX Services . 161 11 Visual Design and Typography 163 11.1 Visual Design . 163 11.2 Typography . 164 11.3 Factors Influencing the Legibility of Text . 165 ii 12 Icon Design 173 12.1 Visual Association . 174 12.2 Standard Parts of an Icon . 174 12.3 Icon Design Principles . 175 12.4 Cultural and International Issues . 180 12.5 Do Not Always Use Icons . 181 12.6 Iconic Language . 183 12.7 The Icon Design Lifecycle . 186 12.8 Designing Icons for Sun’s Public Web Site . 189 13 A Brief History of HCI 193 13.1 Early Interfaces . 194 13.2 WIMP Interfaces . 199 Bibliography 203 iii iv List of Figures 1.1 The Nature of Human-Computer Interaction . .2 2.1 Video Recorder . .7 2.2 Video Recorder Remote Control . .8 2.3 Zeiss Slide Projector . .9 2.4 The control panel in lecture theatre HS EDV . .9 2.5 Audiovisual trolley with inputs at rear. 10 2.6 Warning label on audiovisual trolley. 11 2.7 Where is the toilet paper? . 12 2.8 Ah, there it is! . 12 2.9 Toilet Paper Too Far . 13 2.10 Mop Sink . 13 2.11 Mop Sink Label . 14 2.12 Two Toilets? . 14 2.13 Measuring Device . 15 2.14 Hidden Shower Control . 15 2.15 Car Seat . 16 2.16 Rubbish Bin Affordances . 18 2.17 Ambiguous Door Designs . 18 2.18 Good Use of Affordances in Door Designs . 18 2.19 Example of Ambiguous Affordances in Door Design . 19 2.20 Good Use of Affordances in the Same Hotel . 19 2.21 Seemingly Reasonable Door Affordances . 19 2.22 A Label as Big as the Control Panel . 20 2.23 Arbitrary mapping of controls to hot plates . 22 2.24 Paired cooker controls . ..