Journal of Information and Computational Science ISSN: 1548-7741 Abalone Age Prediction Expending Physical Appearance: A Regression Problem J. Bhavani1, K. Madhu Kiran2, J. Shanmukha Sai3, S. Ramachandra Rao4 G. Keerthi5 Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Gudlavalleru Engineering College, Gudlavalleru [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Abstract Abalones [1], likewise termed as ear-shells or sea ears, are sea snails (oceanic gastropod mollusks) set up world-wide. The age of an abalone can be resolute by together with the amount of layers in its shell. Conversely, age resolution is a burdensome practice. It implicates cutting a sample of the shell, staining it, and totaling the quantity of rings over and done with a microscope. A data set provided by the University of California Irvine Machine Learning Repository [2] comprises of physical faces of abalones and their number of rings. This revision is a regression problematic that aims to predict the age kind of abalones using their bodily individualities. The data set is pre-processed to renovate the difficult of predicting the age to a regression problem. Three regression algorithms are recycled to forecast the training data set. The testing data set is used to guess accuracy of the regressor. Researches also run to obtain an order of physical faces replicating their contribution to regression accuracy. Keywords: physical faces, K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) regressor, Random Forest Regressor, forecasting. Volume 10 Issue 5 - 2020 691 www.joics.org Journal of Information and Computational Science ISSN: 1548-7741 1. Introduction Abalone is a tremendous cause of iron and pantothenic acid, is a beneficial diet reserve and farming in many parts of the world. 100 grams of abalone profits more than 20% suggested daily intake of these nutrients. Abalones ought to long been a treasured food source for individuals in every part of the world where a species is plentiful. Agricultural of abalone began in the late 1950s and early 1960s in Japan and China. The fiscal value of abalone is positively connected with its age. Consequently, to detect the age of abalone accurately is essential for both farmers and customers to decide its price. Defining the actual age of an abalone is a bit like estimating the age of a tree. Rings are moulded in the shell of the abalone as it grows, generally at the rate of one ring per year. In receipt of access to the rings of an abalone includes cutting the shell. After refining and staining, a lab technician examines a shell sample under a microscope and counts the rings. Because some rings are hard to make out using this technique, the researchers supposed adding 1.5 to the ring count is a sensible approximation of the abalones age. This complex method upturns the cost and limits it popularity. Hence, researchers are interested in relating abalone age to variables like length, height and different kinds of weights of the animal. If a reasonably accurate model could be found to predict the age of abalone, then the farmers would minimize the cost and customers would get the expected goods. Machine learning (ML) algorithms are used to recognize patterns and make decisions based on empirical data. The problem of regression of a data set, that is, to determine the strength and character of the relationship between one dependent variable (usually denoted by Y) and a series of other variables (known as independent variables). It is a statistical method used in finance, investing, and other disciplines. In this study, supervised learning algorithms are used to come up with a mapping function (f) that will best describe the input data (x) to conclude the output data (Y). We know x and Y. But, we have to find the mapping function (f) that will achieve a certain level of performance. Then, we can apply the mapping function (f) to new data to gain similar results for the age of abalone. 2. Literature Review Investigators are building new notions to conclude the age of abalone by altered methods. Let's say, marine natural scientist are spending the laboratory investigation to define the age of abalone, machine learning scientists are using classification procedure expending physical faces of abalone to define the age, econometricians and statisticians are also expending physical faces of abalone to define the age using different kinds of regression as well as clustering, and many other people are expending different techniques to detect the age of abalone. Naval natural scientist Takami, H. et al. [10] advanced an age determination way for larval and newly changed post-larval abalone Haliotis discuss hannai in a test site testing and resolute the age of field caught individuals. Day, R. W. et al. [6] developed a method where they assessed the potential of five fluorochromes in marking shells of the abalone 3 Haliotis rubra, using an immersion Volume 10 Issue 5 - 2020 692 www.joics.org Journal of Information and Computational Science ISSN: 1548-7741 technique. Such marks are required to 'time stamp' the shells and thus determine whether shell layers are deposited regularly enough to be used to age abalone. They also reference that juvenile growth does not right the commonly used von Bertalanffy model and they present a modified deterministic Gompertz model for tagging data and three stochastic versions in which asymptotic length is a random parameter. They use Kullback's informative mean to discriminate between models with respect to the fit to data. Siddeek, M. S. M., and Johnson, D. W. [9] define that length frequency data for Omani abalone (Haliotis mariae) from two zones (Sadh and Hadbin) of the Dhofar coast of the Sultanate of Oman were used to right von Bertalanffy development curves by ELEFAN, MULTIFAN and Non-Linear Least Square Fitting methods. The first two methods were directly applied to length-frequencies whereas the last method was used on the length modes determined by the MIX method. The growth stricture values by sex and area were not meaningfully different. Al-Daoud, E. [3] uses neural network technique to classify the number of rings using physical characteristics. Using the von Bertalanffy growth equation Bretos, M. [4] proposes a method to determine the age of abalone. Gurney, L. J., et al. [7] describe the stable oxygen isotopes procedure to determine the blacklip abalone Haliotis rubra in south-east Tasmania. However, Naylor, et al. [8] find that the method, variations in the ratios of carbon isotopes, showed no consistent patterns and unlike some mosllusc, do not appear to be useful predictors of reproductive status at length. 3. Dataset The University of California, Irvine Machine Learning Repository [2] affords a data set consisting of 4177 samples of physical faces of abalones and their age. Abalones are sea-snails that are fished for their missiles and meat. Technical trainings on abalones need expressive the age of an abalone, but the route of defining age is thorny. It comprises calculating the number of layers of shell (“rings”) that make up the abalone’s shell. This is done by pleasing a sample of shell, staining it and including the number of rings beneath the microscope. To avoid the cumbersome process, this data set providing has been used to build education algorithms to predict age using easily and quickly computable physical appearances. This project uses this data set recast as a regression problem, slightly a prediction problem. The data set involves of 8 features and the number of rings which is directly related to the age. The 8 features are sex, length, diameter, height, whole weight, shucked weight, viscera weight, shell weight. All variables are quantifiable but Sex. The variable rings are someway linked to the age of an abalone, as age equals to number of rings plus 1.5. Volume 10 Issue 5 - 2020 693 www.joics.org Journal of Information and Computational Science ISSN: 1548-7741 Fig 1: Histogram for Diameter, Height, Shell and Shucked weights. Fig 2: Histogram for Length, Rings, Viscera and Whole weights. Histograms display the data may be slanted, so it will be sensible to measure it. It also shows that there are probable outliers in Height and that there might be a strong connection between the Diameter and Length and between Shell weight, Shucked weight Viscera weight and Whole weight. 4. Methodology KNN: K-Nearest Neighbor Regression (KNN) everything in much the identical way as KNN for classification. The difference lies in the features of the dependent variable. With classification KNN the needy variable is categorical. With regression KNN the dependent variable is incessant. Both involve the use adjacent samples to forecast the class or value of other examples. The k-nearest neighbors is a simple, easy-to-appliance supervised machine learning Volume 10 Issue 5 - 2020 694 www.joics.org Journal of Information and Computational Science ISSN: 1548-7741 algorithm that can be used to control the strength and character of the relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variables. It undertakes that related things exist in close proximity. In other words, things are near to each other. The following are the steps Of KNN algorithm that is to be applied to the prediction of regression problem. 1. Load the data. 2. Adjust K to your selected number of neighbors. 3. For each example in the data, Calculate the distance between the query example and the current example from the data and add the distance and the index of the example to an ordered collection. Euclidean distance: It is designed as the square root of the sum of the squared differences between a new point (x) and an existing point (y).