University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh FIELD EVALUATION OF THE FRUIT FLY FOOD BAIT, SUCCESS APPAT® (GF-120), AND WASTE BREWERS’ YEAST (WBY) AGAINST FRUIT FLIES (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) IN MANGO ORCHARDS BY BANINI, COPPERFIELD KWAMI BSc. (HONS) CROP SCIENCE, DIP. AGRIC. KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (KNUST), KUMASI, GHANA. THIS THESIS IS SUBMITTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF GHANA, LEGON IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF MPHIL ENTOMOLOGY DEGREE INSECT SCIENCE PROGRAMME* UNIVERSITY OF GHANA LEGON. JUNE 2012 A JOINT INTERFACULTY PROGRAMME FOR THE TRAINING OF ENTOMOLOGISTS IN WEST AFRICA. COLLABORATING DEPARTMENTS: ANIMAL BIOLOGY & CONSERVATION SCIENCE (FACULTY OF SCIENCE) AND CROP SCIENCE (SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE, COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND CONSUMER SCIENCES), UNIVERSITY OF GHANA, LEGON. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh DECLARATION This is to certify that this thesis is the result of research undertaken by Copperfield Kwami BANINI, and that except for references to work of other researchers that have been duly acknowledged, this thesis in whole or in part has not been presented for any other degree elsewhere. ………………………………… Copperfield Kwami Banini (10319446) ……………………………… ……..……………….. Prof. Kwame Afreh-Nuamah Dr. Maxwell K. Billah Principal Supervisor Co-Supervisor …………………………. Dr. Rosina Kyerematen Co-ordinator African Regional Postgraduate Programme in Insect Science (ARPPIS) ii University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh ACKNOWLEDGMENT I am most grateful to the Almighty God for the diverse ways in which He guided me through this academic programme. I wish to express my profound gratitude to Prof. Kwame Afreh-Nuamah, my principal supervisor and Dr. Maxwell Kelvin Billah, co- supervisor, both Lecturers of the African Regional Postgraduate Programme in Insect Scienc (ARPPIS), University of Ghana, Legon, for their relentless efforts, advice and encouragement throughout this project work. I am very thankful to Prof. Daniel Obeng-Ofori (former Co-ordinator), Mr. H. Davies and all ARPPIS Lecturers whose immeasurable contributions have shaped and given me excellent understanding of the insect science programme. I also wish to extend my gratitude to the farmers who allowed their farms to be used for the work. They are Mr. Simon Kwao of Ayenya 1, Mr. Beneditus Olympio and Mrs. Beatrice Tetebio both of Akorley 1, and Mr. Isaac Yanney-Danquah of Akorley 2. I further acknowledge the contributions, assistance and support from Mr. Seth Djamah (President, Dangme West Mango Farmers Association) and Mr. Zowo Zukuwie, a farm hand at Akorley 2, who assisted in the spraying of the test products. I am indebted to Mr. Jack-Vesper Suglo - Director, Plant Protection and Regulatory Services Directorate (PPRSD) of the Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MoFA) and Prof. Kwame Afreh-Nuamah, who facilitated and authorised the funding of this work. My special thanks go to all the staff of the PPRSD Headquarters (where l work) for their support, especially Mr. Joseph Nukpoafe and Johannes Tetteh for their enormous contributions to the success of this work. My thanks also go to my ARPPIS colleagues, Fortune Bulley, Lawrence Alato, Thomas Gbokie Jr., David Cham, Isaac Danso, Yvonne Ajamma Obiekwe, Kevwe Bibian-Onayifeke Oyebanji, Bita Dizzle Tayong and many other friends for their pieces of advice. iii University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh My profound heartfelt gratitude goes to my dear wife Mrs. Dzifa Banini, my lovely children and the entire family for their prayers, tolerance and moral support. Finally, to all who contributed in one way or the other to have this work accomplished, l say thank you and may God richly bless you. iv University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh DEDICATION I dedicate this work to my Beloved wife, Dzifa Banini (Mrs.); my children, Fafali, Jennifer and Dzidzorm Kelly. v University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ........................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgment ......................................................................................................... iii Dedication ...................................................................................................................... v Table of contents ........................................................................................................... vi List of tables .................................................................................................................. xi List of figures ............................................................................................................... xii List of acronyms ......................................................................................................... xiv Abstract ....................................................................................................................... xvi CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................ 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 1 Justification ................................................................................................................ 3 Objectives ................................................................................................................... 5 CHAPTER TWO ........................................................................................................... 7 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................ 7 2.1 Mango................................................................................................................... 7 2.1.1 Origin of mango ................................................................................................ 7 2.1.3 Botany of mango ............................................................................................... 8 2.1.4 Flowers .............................................................................................................. 9 2.1.6 Mango cultivars ................................................................................................. 9 2.2.0 Mango production in Ghana ............................................................................ 10 2.2.1 Mango cultivars in Ghana ............................................................................... 10 2.2.6 Nutritional value of mango ............................................................................. 11 2.2.7 Uses of Mango ................................................................................................ 12 vi University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 2.2.8 Mango production in the world ....................................................................... 13 2.2.3 Commercial mango production in Ghana ....................................................... 18 2.2.5 Constraints to mango production in Ghana ..................................................... 20 2.3 Grades and standards .......................................................................................... 20 2.4 Major insect pests of mango............................................................................... 21 2.4.1 Classification of fruit flies ............................................................................... 23 2.4.2 General biology and life cycle of fruit flies .................................................... 23 2.4.3 Economic importance of fruit flies.................................................................. 24 2.4.4 Important fruit flies of mango ......................................................................... 26 2.4.5 Status of fruit fly management in Africa ......................................................... 27 2.5 Management of fruit flies ................................................................................... 27 2.5.1 The integrated approach .................................................................................. 28 2.5.2 Regulatory/ Quarantine control ....................................................................... 28 2.5.3 Cultural control and sanitation methods.......................................................... 29 2.5.4 Chemical control ............................................................................................. 29 2.5.5 Bait spraying ................................................................................................... 30 2.5.6 GF-120 ............................................................................................................ 32 2.5.7 Waste Brewers‟ Yeast ..................................................................................... 33 2.5.8 Biological control ............................................................................................ 34 2.5.9 Other Biological control agents....................................................................... 36 2.5.9.1 Pathogens ..................................................................................................... 37 vii University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 2.5.10 Mechanical fruit protection ........................................................................... 38 2.5.11 Male suppression ........................................................................................... 38 2.5.12 Field monitoring and control with parapheromone lures .............................