artificial selection herbivore Ascomycota comparative embryology host Basidiomycota evolutionary fitness competition evolution interspecific interactions zygosporangium evolutionary adaptation mutualism bread mold evidence for evolution parasitism yeast fossil predation mushrooms biogeography prey continental drift introduce species or invasive species basidium gene flow primary consumer ascus gene pool primary succession sporangium genetic drift producers spore microevolution quarternary consumers macroevolution resource partitioning genetic variation competitive exclusion mutation tertiary consumer natural selection greenhouse effect population climate change species speciation transitional forms anther speciation fertilization extinction fruit cladogram or phylogenetic tree gametophyte macroevolution moss reproductive barriers gametangia post-zygotic barriers ovary pre-zygotic barriers ovule pollen grains abiotic factor pollination environmentalism seed biotic factor sporophyte carrying capacity sporangia carbon cycle alternation of generations nitrogen cycle ferns nitrogen fixation flower community gametophyte community ecology stamen ecology stigma ecosystem ecology style exponential growth curve spore logistic growth model sporangium population vascular tissue population ecology sporophyte secondary consumer vascular tissue symbiotic relationship Angiosperms ecological footprint Gymnosperm sustainable development Antheridium mimicry Archegonium biogeochemical cycling Fronds carnivore Sorus chemical cycling Seed cone competitive exclusion principle Pollen cone cryptic coloration Male gametophyte decomposition Female gametophyte detritivore Domain Eukarya ecological niche Kingdom Plantae ecosystem Kingdom Fungi energy flow Hyphae energy pyramid mycelium food chain Zygomycota food web .