COLORADO JOURNAL OF ASIAN STUDIES Volume 4, Issue 1 (Summer 2015) 1. Capitalist Influences on Chinese Masculinities through Cinema Earl Grey Chrysogelos 18. Working Hard or Hardly Working: An Examination of Factors Contributing to Workloads of Tokugawa Era Peasants Laura Graham 34. Newars of Kathmandu Valley Chandan Maharjan 48. Nationalist Archaeologies of Korea and Applying Multivocal Interpretations Jessica Wolff Colorado'Journal'of'Asian'Studies' Volume'4,'Issue'1'(Summer'2015)' ! ! Center'for'Asian'Studies,'University'of'Colorado' 1424'Broadway'Street,'Boulder'CO'80309' Colorado'Journal'of'Asian'Studies' Volume'3,'Issue'1'(Summer'2014)' The'Colorado'Journal'of'Asian'Studies'is'an'undergraduate'journal'published'by'the'Center'for'Asian'Studies' at'the'University'of'Colorado'at'Boulder.'Each'year'we'highlight'outstanding'theses'from'our'graduating' seniors'in'the'Asian'Studies'major.' ! ! ! EXECUTIVE!BOARD! AY'2014P2015' ' Tim!Oakes,'Director' ' Tim!Weston,'Associate'Director' Danielle!Rocheleau!Salaz,'Executive'Director' Steve!Chan! Jennifer!Fluri! Chris!Hammons! Faye!Kleeman! Dennis!McGilvray! Rob!McNown! Meg!Moritz! ' ' ' CURRICULUM!COMMITTEE! AY'2014P2015' ' Tim!Weston,'Chair' David!Atherton! Colleen!Berry! Holly!Gayley! Rob!McNown! Mithi!Mukherjee'' ' Ex4Officio' Sylvie!BurnetPJones,'Office'of'International'Education' Allison!Frey,'Academic'Advisor' Manuel!Laguna,"Leeds'School'of'Business' Center'for'Asian'Studies,'University'of'Colorado' 1424'Broadway'Street,'Boulder'CO'80309' Colorado'Journal'of'Asian'Studies' Volume'4,'Issue'1'(Summer'2015)' NOTE FROM THE EDITOR ' The'Center'for'Asian'Studies'is'pleased'to'publish'four'senior'theses'from'the'2014P2015'academic'year.' Every'senior'graduating'with'a'degree'in'Asian'Studies'is'required'to'complete'a'research'project'under'the' guidance'of'a'faculty'advisor'on'any'topic'related'to'Asia.'Each'year,'students'produce'excellent'work'on'a' wide'variety'of'topics,'and'this'year'was'certainly'no'exception.'Earl'Grey'Chrysogelos’'essay,'“Capitalist' Influences' on' Chinese' Masculinities' through' Cinema,”' examines' how' representations' of' masculinity' in' Chinese' cinema' reflect' the' influences' of' capitalism' and' Western' understandings' of' heterosextual' masculinity.'In'“Working'Hard'or'Hardly'Working:'An'Examination'of'Factors'Contributing'to'Workloads'of' Tokugawa'Era'Peasants,”'Laura'Graham'looks'at'how'peasant'life'in'Tokugawa'Japan'varied'depending'on' region,'gender,'and'class'and'status.'Chandan'Maharjan’s'study,'“Newars'of'Kathmandu'Valley,”'gives'an'inP depth'understanding'of'Newari'Culture.'Jessica'Wolff’s'thesis'concludes'the'volume'with'her'analysis'of'the' politics' of' archaeology' in' Korea' and' how' the' current' situation' can' be' remedied' through' the' use' of' multivocal' interpretations,' entitled,' “Nationalist' Archaeologies' of' Korea' and' Applying' Multivocal' Interpretations.” Center'for'Asian'Studies,'University'of'Colorado' 1424'Broadway'Street,'Boulder'CO'80309' Colorado'Journal'of'Asian'Studies' Volume'3,'Issue'1'(Summer'2014)' ' ' ' ' Center'for'Asian'Studies,'University'of'Colorado' 1424'Broadway'Street,'Boulder'CO'80309' Colorado'Journal'of'Asian'Studies' Volume'3,'Issue'1'(Summer'2014)' Capitalist Influences on Chinese Masculinities through Cinema ' EARL'GREY'CHRYSOGELOS' ' ' ' (Men' and' Masculinities).' Through' this' process' hina' has' long' been' a' country' that' has' children' learn' how' to' “act' out”' their' genders.' enjoyed' a' high' degree' of' power' and' While'growing'up,'boys'are'subjected'to'societal' influence' over' its' neighboring' countries.' C' ideals' of' masculine' privilege,' the' idea' that' men' For' a' great' many' years' China' was' the' are' afforded' unearned' benefits,' rights,' and' powerhouse'of'the'Asian'world.'Over'the'course' advantages' in' society' solely' based' upon' their' of' time' other' countries' begin' to' rise' in' power,' gender,' and' they' also' learn' what' may' happen' if' and'challenge'the'hegemonic'rule'of'the'Chinese' they' fall' outside' the' appropriate' “norms”' (Men' empire.' Between' Japan' and' many' Western' and' Masculinities).' General' Western' ideas' of' nations,' China' was' slowly' removed' from' its' masculinity' are' sometimes' termed' “Hegemonic' position' as' the' ruler' of' Asia,' and' placed' in' a' Masculinity,”'and'the'characteristics'for'this'man' position'of'pure'subordination'to'foreign'powers.' are:' During' this' period' of' imperialism,' Chinese' 1. distance'oneself'from'femininity'' government'and'society'was'forced'to'change'in' 2. restrict'emotion'' order' to' thrive' within' the' new' culture' that' was' 3. be' tough' and' aggressive' (avoidance' of' slowing' beginning' to' form.' Taken' on' a' roller' vulnerability)'' coaster' ride' of' political' institutions,' China' 4. be'seen'as'highly'sexualized'with'women' underwent'a'long'period'of'general'uncertainty'in' 5. prove' one’s' heterosexuality' via' everyday'life,'but'eventually'capitalism'settled'in' homophobia'(Men'and'Masculinities)' and'made'itself'the'main'“culture”'in'China,'with' The' Western' man' is' the' embodiment' of' all' Communism' remaining' the' political' face.' The' masculine' features' in' a' single' body.' It' is' no' masculine' style' of' men' began' to' change' from' a' wonder'that'there'is'such'a'conflict'between'the' figure' devoted' to' his' country' to' a' businessman' ideal'Western'man'and'the'ideal'Eastern'Man.'In' devoted'to'the'almighty'income.'This'pursuit'of'a' early' China,' masculinity' was' closely' tied' to' capitalist' lifestyle,' a' Western' creation,' is' cultural' development' (Zhou).' The' emphasis' on' something' that' proves' to' be' detrimental' to' Wen' and' Wu' was' also' very' dependent' on' the' Chinese' masculinity,' causing' him' distress' rulers'of'China,'as'different'eras'emphasized'the' throughout' his' life' by' way' of' economical' value' of' one' over' the' other' (Jankowiak' 5).' In' backlashes,' family' strife,' and' lost' love.' The' Chinese' culture,' Wen' and' Wu' indicate' two' examples' within' the' selected' films' show' that' conflicting' virtues,' Wen' referring' to' an' although'China'has'gained'a'sense'independence' “intellectual”'trait,'while'Wu'refers'to'a'“physical,' from'foreign'countries,'there'is'still'a'high'degree' actionPoriented”'trait'(Jankowiak'5).'Beginning'as' of' Western' imperialism' influencing' the' lives' of' a' figure' that' may' have' been' worthy' of' the' Chinese' citizens.' This' foreign' influence' clashes' Western' glorification' of' the' bellicose' lifestyle,' a' with' the' nationalist' desire' for' independent' bearded' martial' warrior' full' of' Wu,' the' Chinese' cultural'creation.'' man' eventually' morphed' into' a' “dainty' scholar”' Before'any'claims'are'made'about'masculine' (Zhou).' This' transition' stemmed' from' Confucian' portrayals'in'Chinese'cinema,'we'must'first'look' texts' from' the' Spring' and' Autumn' Period' (770' at'the'definition'of'masculinity'which'will'be'used' BCP476' BC).' Confucius' stated' that' Wen' was' the' in' this' paper.' Masculinity,' as' every' other' feminine' “yin”' force,' and' Wu' was' the' masculine' personality' trait,' is' extremely' difficult' to' define.' “yang”'force,'and'the'“proper”'man'would'have'a' There'is'no'one'definition,'merely'a'grouping'of' balance'of'both'of'these'features'within'himself.' culturally' accepted' ideas' that' take' the' shape' of' Throughout' Chinese' history' the' emphasis' on' masculinity.'The'cultural'creation'of'gender'roles' Wen'over'Wu,'or'Wu'over'Wen,'would'fluctuate' is'sometimes'referred'to'as'a'“gendering'process”' with'the'changes'in'power'structures'(Zhou).'The' 1 Colorado'Journal'of'Asian'Studies' Volume'3,'Issue'1'(Summer'2014)' concept' of' Wen' and' Wu' was' seen' as' a' purely' The'route'of'traditional'learning'in'China'was' Chinese'one;'one'unable'to'be'obtained'by'foreign' traded' in' for' a' modern' education,' as' education' men'who'were'outside'the'“orbit'of'civilization”' had'always'focused'on'the'past.'Up'until'the'Qing' (Louie'1065).'As'China'suffered'years'of'Western' Dynasty'(1644P1911),'Chinese'education'focused' Imperialism,' the' idea' of' the' Chinese' man' was' on' the' memorization' and' understanding' of' broken' down' and' recreated.' Western' views' on' Confucian' Classics' and' commentaries' on' these' Chinese' masculinity' have' always' been' rather' Classics'(The'Confucian'Classics'and'Civil'Service' negative.' Often' viewing' Chinese' men' as' “weak,' Examinations).' As' China' underwent' forced' immature,' selfish,' and' impotent”,' the' West' imperialism' at' the' hands' of' many' Western' reserved'the'title'of'“true'masculinity”'for'figures' Countries,'the'education'system'chosen'by'China' such'as'Rambo'and'Takakura'Ken'(Song'407).'But' changed' to' suit' a' new' culture.' This' new' this'can'hardly'be'seen'as'a'fair'argument.'China' education'system,'focusing'on'foreign'languages,' has'come'from'a'culture'that'has'a'long'history'of' business,' and' science' represented' a' break' away' androgyny.' Having' no' word' that' specifically' from'tradition'for'practices'that'were'“abhorred”' points' to' cultural' masculinity' or' femininity' by' the' Confucians:' profitable' activities' (Louie' implies' that' in' Imperial' Chinese' times,' 1076).' Confucian' texts' heavily' emphasized' interactions' were' more' important' than' a' traditions,'rituals,'social'conduct,'and'filial'piety;' linguistic' term' identifying' gender' as' a' social' to'expend'one’s'energy'for'the'sake'of'profit'was'